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As microorganisms are living entities, they are studied by biologists, specifically by microbiologists. There are further divisions within microbiology, including virology and bacteriology. Many other scientists, in other subfields of Biology, however, are likely to study microorganisms as well. Structural biologists may be interested in the structure of, for example, a viral capsid, or the mechanism by which a virus injects its DNA into a host cell. Biophysicists may be interested in how a microorganism locomotively responses to stimuli such as food, heat, or salt concentration in an effort to find a superior environment. Bioengineers are looking at ways of inducing microorganisms to produce chemicals of value to humans, such as drugs or hydrocarbon fuels.

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