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Complete antigens are able to induce:

Immunogenicity (ability to stimulate and proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production)

Reactivity- Ability to react with activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released in response to them

Incomplete Antigens (Haptens):

Are small molecules such as peptides, nucleotides, and many hormones that are not immunogenic on their own but can become immunogenic when attached to protein carriers. If a hapten links up with the body's protiens, the adaptive immune system may recognize the complex as foreign and mount a harmful attack.

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What is the difference between widal slide test Antigen and widal tube test antigen?

The main difference between the Widal slide test antigen and the Widal tube test antigen lies in the method of reaction visualization. In the Widal slide test, the reaction is observed on a glass slide under a microscope, whereas in the Widal tube test, the reaction is seen in small test tubes. Both tests detect antibodies against specific Salmonella antigens, but differ in their setup and visual interpretation.


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Indirect ELISA and sandwich ELISA are two types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays used in laboratory testing. In indirect ELISA, the antigen is immobilized on the surface, and a primary antibody binds to the antigen. Then, a secondary antibody linked to an enzyme is added to detect the primary antibody. In sandwich ELISA, the antigen is captured by a primary antibody that is immobilized on the surface. A second antibody linked to an enzyme is then added to bind to a different epitope on the antigen, forming a "sandwich" complex. The main difference between the two methods is the way in which the antibodies are used to detect the antigen. In indirect ELISA, the primary antibody is detected by a secondary antibody, while in sandwich ELISA, the antigen is "sandwiched" between two antibodies for detection.


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The key difference between direct ELISA and sandwich ELISA techniques lies in the way they detect antigens. In direct ELISA, the antigen is directly attached to the plate and detected using a labeled antibody. In sandwich ELISA, the antigen is captured between two antibodies, one attached to the plate and the other labeled for detection.


What is the difference between a antigen and a processed antigen?

An antigen can be anything from virus to bacteria to a soluble protein from outside or inside a cell. This includes both foreign and self peptides. An antibody that finds an appropriate antigen will bind to it and your B and T cells determine if it's self or not. A processed antigen came from cytosol. A protein will be taken by ubiquitin to a proteosome where it is broken up into small peptides. These peptides will make their way into the endoplasmic reticulum (through TAP) where they are exposed to MHC's.


What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance in genetics?

Codominance is when both alleles in a gene pair are fully expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a blending or combination of traits. Incomplete dominance is when neither allele is completely dominant, leading to a phenotype that is a mix of the two alleles.

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