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How does hypoglycemia lead to hyponatremia?
when you have high levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycaemia) this will draw water out of cells due to the increase in osmolarity. With increased water in to the extracellular fluid it will decrease the concentration of sodium (hyponatraemia)
Fever of unknown origin with hyperglycemia what is relation?
DKA from infection. Diabetics can get infections such a foot ulcerations easily, unchecked or poorly managed diabetes will also result in hyperglycaemia or worse DKA. DKA can be brought on rapidly by infection. Nice little circle :)
What blood sugar is considered high?
for fasting blood sugar: 80mg/dl-110mg/dl for random blood sugar: 110-180mg/dl beyond this ranges mention above considered to have high glucose in the blood or manifested the so called hyperglycaemia.
What happens if the body has too little insulin?
Hyperglycaemia, or 'hyper', occurs when blood glucose levels are too high, usually over 11 mmol/L, when the blood glucose measurement is taken 1-2 hours after a meal.Hyperglycaemia occurs when there is too little insulin in the blood. It can lead to ketoacidosis, a condition in which acetone-like substances called ketones are excreted in the urine.Hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis can happen if you stop taking insulin, you reduce your insulin dose, or if your sensitivity to insulin decreases.Periods of illness, such as urinary or respiratory tract infections, are times when hyperglycaemia can easily occur.Hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis are typically present when you first discover that you have type 1 diabetes.Hyperglycaemia can be caused by:Too little insulinDid you skip the last dose or give too little?Too much foodDid you over-eat during the last few hours?ExerciseDid you forget to do or change the time?Stress or illnessAre you getting ill? Under unusual pressure? Going through a difficult or exciting emotional experience?When signs of hyperglycaemia appear, it is important to take immediate action.Symptoms of hyperglycaemia include:Extreme thirst and dehydrationExtreme tiredness and drowsinessStomach crampsDry and flushed skinFrequent urinationRapid and deep breathingFruity breath odour (acetone-like breath)But others get no signal at all. Remember you can run a quick blood glucose test at any time, just to check things out.If your blood glucose is high and your urine shows ketones, contact your doctor immediately.
What is somogyi's phenomenon?
Rebound hyperglycaemia to counter regulatory hormone release. It is a swing to a high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood from an extremely low level. usually occurring after an untreated insulin reaction during the night. It is caused by the body releasing stress hormones to fight the low glucose levels. If this happens to you. Mostly seen in patients with diabetes mellitus which is difficult to control.
What would be different as your skin cells contained chloroplasts?
Your skin would most likely be green. Also you would be able to make your own glucose through photosynthesis, simply by being in the sunlight. This would mean you digestive system could be smaller and wouldn't need glucose transporter enzymes as you don't need to extract glucose from your food. It would be harder to control your blood glucose as weather patterns cannot be accurately predicted, and diabetics would be much more at risk to hypoglycaemia/hyperglycaemia (low/high blood sugar respectively). Your kidneys would have to have glucose permeable nephrons (the areas that filter out the blood) to remove excess glucose during hyperglycaemia, or the body may have bigger glycogen reserves (glycogen being a form of stored glucose). It would also be impossible to live in certain areas during the winter (such as northern Sweden) due to the fact that there's 6 months of constant night, which would make it impossible for your body to photosynthesis. At this point you would starve from lack of energy.
Malfunction of the hormonal secretion of the pancreas?
The most important hormone secreted by the pancreas is insulin : this is produced by cells in areas in the organ known as the Islets of Langerhaans, and passes into the blood, and so around the body. It is essential as it causes cells of the body to be able to absorb glucose from the blood, which is the energy-source for cellular activity (for example, muscle cells take up large amounts of glucose when they are being used in physical exercise; and cells in particular areas of the brain are seen to metabolize glucose when they are active). The condition caused by a lack of insulin production is hyperglycaemia(abnormally high blood sugar concentration, which often occurs normally during pregnancy, but, if it reaches a certain level or persists outside pregnancy, is diagnostic of Diabetes Mellitus.-->Hyperglycaemia, if left untreated, can cause unconsciousness and death.-->Diabetes Mellitus gets its name from the Latin word for sweet or honey-like : this is because the high levels of sugar in the blood leads to sugar being present in the urine. Historically, physicians would taste patients' urine as part of their examination, and the sweet taste led to this same.
Why does polyuria occur with diabetes mellitus?
I think you mean polyuria instead of polyurea. Polyuria is a medical term used to describe the symptom of increased frequency of urination. When glucose levels in blood are greater than normal, the molecule of glucose 'leaks' into the urine. As glucose enters the urine, it brings water molecules with it and, in turn, urine volume increases and, 'voila', polyuria happens..
Is diabetes caused by a virus or bacteria?
Diabetes isn't caused by either bacteria or a virus. It is to do with your pancreas not creating enough insulin which regulates the amount of sugar in your blood. There are two types of Diabetes type 1 and type 2. People are born with type 1 diabetes which means their pancreas does not create enough/any insulin. Before they eat a meal they must inject themselves with insulin, this controlls the amount of sugar in the blood so it doesn't become too high and create hyperglycaemia. If the diabetic didn't inject themselves with insulin they would be at risk of dying. To avoid their blood sugar levels rising dramatically they also watch what they eat and do regular exercise.
Diabetes is caused due to malfunctioning of?
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the body. Symptoms include frequent urination, lethargy, excessive thirst, and hunger. The treatment includes changes in diet, oral medications, and in some cases, daily injections of insulin.http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diabetes+mellitus
What do you do when a diabetic has sudden low blood sugar?
Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) can cause unconciousness quite quickly. If the patient is conscious then you can give them a sugary drink (eg lucozade). If they are unconscious, giving anything by mouth can cause choking. You can carefully apply hypostop (glucose gel) to the gums which is rapidly absorbed. Alternatively they will need an injection of gucagen which mobilises the glycogen reserves in the body. High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) can only be treated by injection of insulin which balances the system and thereby lowers the blood sugar level. An unconcious patient will typically require urgent hospitalisation to achive this.
What are the causes of hyperglycemia?
Mechanism of fasting hyperglycemia: Raised blood sugar post prandial, delayed increased production of insulin due to most probably defect/abnormality of B cell pancreas, in turn, endogenic glucose production (gluconeogenesis, glucogenolysis) freely caused raised in fasting blood sugar. By: Dr B Sutopo SpPD, K-GEH, FINASIM
