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The "language" of genes is the genetic code.

This is the correspondence between one element of code (a codon) and an amino acid that is incorporated into a chain when that piece of code is translated into a polypeptide, on the way to synthesizing a protein.

The genetic code is often called universal, because which codon represents which amino acid is the same in humans, bacteria, and rhubarb! In other words, the code is universal among eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

However, it is not quite truly universal, as there are a few variations, especially in mitochondria.

Scientists have been able to make use of the fact that, for example, bacteria and humans share the same genetic code. A human gene, interposed among the native genes of a bacterial plasmid, is transcribed and translated by the bacterium to form the human protein.

Human insulin (humulin) is an example of a protein made by this type of recombinant DNA technology.

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