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It is difficult to come up an exact number due to the following reasons:

  • Not every plant, fungus, moss or algae in existence has been cataloged yet.
  • Duplication in the naming of plants.
  • Plant species becoming extinct all the time.

However, it is safe to say that the highest amount of species (and most successful) plant Division are the Angiosperms (Magnoliophyta or flowering plants). Recent estimates puts the number of individual species within this Division at approximately 258,000 (although it could be as high as 400,000 species!).

The next closest contender are the Liverworts, with between 6,000 and 8,000 individual species.

Out of the Angiosperms /"Flowering plants", the division can be refined further:

Dicotyledonous plants: Approximately 175,000 species

Monocotyledonous plants: Approximately 70,000 species

The balance being made up of groups of plants such as Magnoliids and water plants.

If you want to be more specific, the single, largest Dicotyledonous plant Family is Asteraceae(or Compositae) with approximately 22,750 individual species (Examples: Sunflower, Chrysanthemum, Marigold, Zinnia, Dahlia etc.).

The largest monocotyledonous plant family is Orchidaceae (Orchids) with 21,950 individual species; Orchidaceae is also the second largest plant Family, behind Asteraceae.

Ancestors of flowering plants started to diverge from Gymnosperms between 245 and 200 million years ago, with the earliest example of recognizable flowering plants emerging about 160 million years ago.

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Mitotic plant division is prevalent in most species.

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Angiosperms

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Q: What plant division has the most species?
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