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What would happen if a chemically gated sodium channel in the postsynaptic membrane were completely blocked?
Blocking the chemically gated sodium channel in the postsynaptic membrane would prevent sodium ions from entering the neuron, hindering depolarization and transmission of the signal. This would effectively inhibit the neuron from responding to neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron, leading to a disruption in neuronal communication and a potential loss of function in the neural circuit.
Why transmission at chemical synapses is unidirectional and why is it significant?
ok why is it uni directional. because there are only the receptors for the neurotransmitter on the receiving dendrites and not on the terminating bud. this means that the sodium can only be absorbed into the next nerve cell/brain cell in the line. but sodium released in a nerve impulse that is not absorbed into the next cell is asimilated back into the original terminating bud for reuse.as for why this is important. im speculating here but it means that the impulse can only go down the intended path and cannot go backwards in the chain.*addition*Uni-directionality is a function of the asymmetry of the synaptic cleft. Exocytosis of the neurotransmitter only occurs from the presynaptic terminal and is received at the postsynaptic receptors to cause initiation of the next impulse (Ca++ carried in dendrons). Although there are receptors on the presynaptic membrane, these are not depolarizing but inhibit further neurotransmitter release. Since the postsynaptic membrane does not release neurotransmitters and the receptors on the presynaptic membrane (auto-receptors) are not depolarising, the impulse is not back propagated.Uni-directionality of the impulse also occurs due to the characteristic membrane potential changes caused by the action potential. The hyper-polarisation of the nerve section caused by K+ efflux (repolarising and then hyper-polarising the nerve as the channels are slow to close), allows for the resetting of Na+ channels. This period (and slightly beforehand when the Na+ channels inactivate) is called the refractory period. Not only does this stop another impulse passing along the neurone, but the impulse can not pass backwards either. NB: local currents in nerves will travel in both directions, but since the previous section of the nerve has inactivated Na+ channels and is undergoing a period of hyper-polarisation, the impulse will not be back propagated.Uni-directionality is crucial to allow for the transmission of discrete impulses that can be interpreted by the brain as signals rather than an entire nerve depolarisation (which is not an impulse at all).So:Uni-directionality due to:asymmetry of cleftNa+ inactivationK+ efflux hyperpolarisationUni-directionality important because:allows for discrete impulses
How is your nervous system and electric circuit alike?
Both the nervous system and an electric circuit involve the transmission of information or signals through specialized pathways. In the nervous system, signals travel as electrical impulses along neurons, while in an electric circuit, signals travel as electrical currents through wires or components. Both systems rely on the flow of energy to achieve various functions and responses.
Which area of the brain is most susceptible to stimulation that produces pleasure?
The pleasure center of the brain is also called the rewards circuit. Some the brain areas impacted by pleasure include amygdala, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, cerebellum and the pituitary gland.
Bulbs cells and switches are all circuit what?
components
What best describes a converging circuit?
A converging circuit is a neural pathway where multiple presynaptic neurons synapse onto a single postsynaptic neuron. This type of circuit allows for integration of multiple inputs to influence and scale the output of the postsynaptic neuron. Converging circuits are common in sensory systems where information from different sensory modalities is combined to produce a coherent response.
What would happen if a chemically gated sodium channel in the postsynaptic membrane were completely blocked?
Blocking the chemically gated sodium channel in the postsynaptic membrane would prevent sodium ions from entering the neuron, hindering depolarization and transmission of the signal. This would effectively inhibit the neuron from responding to neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron, leading to a disruption in neuronal communication and a potential loss of function in the neural circuit.
A neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a large number of incoming impulses to a rather small number of neurons is called?
A neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a large number of incoming impulses to a rather small number of neurons is called a convergent circuit. In this type of circuit, multiple inputs converge onto one or a few output neurons, allowing for integration and processing of information from various sources.
What body system is similar to an electrical circuit?
The nervous system is similar to an electrical circuit in that it transmits electrical signals (nerve impulses) throughout the body to communicate and control various functions. Just like how an electrical circuit carries current to power a device, the nervous system carries impulses to coordinate body movements and regulate bodily processes.
How do cocaine and alcohol affect the brain?
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine and, to a lesser extent, norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. This causes the accumulation of dopamine, leading to euphoria and excitation. The increased stimulation of dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic (reward) circuit leads to addiction. Alcohol binds with GABA receptors producing inhibitory effects on neural activity. This produces cognitive impairment and reduced anxiety (disinhibition). Activation of GABA receptors also produces postsynaptic dopamine release, which stimulates the mesolimbic circuit in the brain, producing euphoria and addiction.
Why transmission at chemical synapses is unidirectional and why is it significant?
ok why is it uni directional. because there are only the receptors for the neurotransmitter on the receiving dendrites and not on the terminating bud. this means that the sodium can only be absorbed into the next nerve cell/brain cell in the line. but sodium released in a nerve impulse that is not absorbed into the next cell is asimilated back into the original terminating bud for reuse.as for why this is important. im speculating here but it means that the impulse can only go down the intended path and cannot go backwards in the chain.*addition*Uni-directionality is a function of the asymmetry of the synaptic cleft. Exocytosis of the neurotransmitter only occurs from the presynaptic terminal and is received at the postsynaptic receptors to cause initiation of the next impulse (Ca++ carried in dendrons). Although there are receptors on the presynaptic membrane, these are not depolarizing but inhibit further neurotransmitter release. Since the postsynaptic membrane does not release neurotransmitters and the receptors on the presynaptic membrane (auto-receptors) are not depolarising, the impulse is not back propagated.Uni-directionality of the impulse also occurs due to the characteristic membrane potential changes caused by the action potential. The hyper-polarisation of the nerve section caused by K+ efflux (repolarising and then hyper-polarising the nerve as the channels are slow to close), allows for the resetting of Na+ channels. This period (and slightly beforehand when the Na+ channels inactivate) is called the refractory period. Not only does this stop another impulse passing along the neurone, but the impulse can not pass backwards either. NB: local currents in nerves will travel in both directions, but since the previous section of the nerve has inactivated Na+ channels and is undergoing a period of hyper-polarisation, the impulse will not be back propagated.Uni-directionality is crucial to allow for the transmission of discrete impulses that can be interpreted by the brain as signals rather than an entire nerve depolarisation (which is not an impulse at all).So:Uni-directionality due to:asymmetry of cleftNa+ inactivationK+ efflux hyperpolarisationUni-directionality important because:allows for discrete impulses
What is the difference between a diverging circuit and a converging circuit?
A diverging circuit is one neuron sending impulses to multiple post-synaptic neurons. A converging circuit is many neurons converging on one post-synaptic membrane.
What circuit types is exemplified by impulses that travel from a single neuron of the brain and activate a hundred or more motor neurons in the spinal cord?
Diverging circuits
How is your nervous system and electric circuit alike?
Both the nervous system and an electric circuit involve the transmission of information or signals through specialized pathways. In the nervous system, signals travel as electrical impulses along neurons, while in an electric circuit, signals travel as electrical currents through wires or components. Both systems rely on the flow of energy to achieve various functions and responses.
Difference between logic probe and logic pulser?
A logic probe is used to test and troubleshoot digital circuits by indicating the logic state (high/low) of a particular point in the circuit. A logic pulser, on the other hand, is used to generate a known pattern or pulse at a specific point in the circuit to stimulate and test the behavior of the circuit under different conditions. In essence, a logic probe is for observation, while a logic pulser is for stimulation.
What happens when the action potential reaches the end of the axon at the axon terminals How does one neuron communicate with another neuron and complete the circuit?
When the action potential reaches the axon terminals, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's membrane, leading to the generation of a new action potential in that neuron if the signal is strong enough. This process allows for communication between neurons, effectively completing the circuit and transmitting signals throughout the nervous system.
Why is the circuit a circuit?
Because circuit is a circuit.
