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It's true that the structure of the neurone and its synapses mean that transmission will only be in one direction. However, the fibre itself is capable of transmitting in both directions: if you artificially stimulated the axon in the middle, impulses would go out in both directions from the point of stimulation.

However, in a working neurone, there has to be some mechanism preventing the impulse from echoing back on itself all the time. This is prevented by the refractory period. When any one part of the neurone has an action potential, local electrical currents stimulate the next part - hence transmission. But the part which has just had an action potential is in the refractory period - it is temporarily hyperpolarised, so the local currents have no effect. This hyperpolarisation only lasts for about half a millisecond, so another action potential can come along very soon afterwards.

Hyperpolarisation is due to potassium gates in the membrane being open, so positively charged K+ ions diffuse in.

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