Size and shape of their beaks.
One example is the Galápagos finches, which evolved into different species on different islands due to geographic isolation. Another example is the lemurs of Madagascar, which evolved separately from other primates after being isolated on the island for millions of years.
they all evolved from one finch by natural selection.
There is not 13 different species of finches, there are one species. There are variations, but still one species. There are 250 different breeds of dogs, but still dog species
Certain species, and how they differed from one island to another; in this case, specifically, finches and tortoises.
adaptive radiation
Finches developed many different adaptations. For example, one type of finch had a short strong beak meant for cracking seeds, while another had a long narrow beak for gathering food from the inside of flowers, and cacti, therefore making each species more adapted to its specific environment and more able to gather food then they would on another island with a different main food source.
Darwin did not say this. Darwin collected finches from the Galapagos islands, believing them to be other words. It was the famous ornithologist, John Gould, who confirmed that 12 samples were all finches, but with enough minor differences for them to be considered new species. While it was Gould who called them new species, it confirmed to Darwin some of the ideas he'd had about the stability of species, how one colony of organisms can split up and adapt to a new environment.
The ancestor or ancestors of the finches on the Galapagos Islands arrived there most likely by being carried by the wind from the mainland of South America or Central America. These ancestors were of one species which evolved over time into 13 different species endemic to the Galapagos.
Observation of finches on the Galapagos Islands.
One example of organisms that have been naturally selected are Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands. These finches have evolved different beak shapes and sizes based on the type of food available on each island, demonstrating how natural selection can lead to adaptations that improve survival and reproductive success.
With evolution the beaks transformed into long beaks for eating bugs and short beaks for eating seeds
different shaped beaks