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What does the term calculus of ureter mean?
The ureters are the tubes in the human anatomy that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder. A calculus is a stone. Hence, a calculus of the ureter is a kidney stone that has formed in a ureter. Please see the link.
When you have your period there more blood in the toilet not the pad?
During menstruation as the blood leaves the vagina it can remain around the vaginal opening and the vulva, thus it doesn't drip down onto the pad and instead when you urinate the urine washes the blood from the vulva and into the toilet.
Hyperkalemia?
DefinitionHyperkalemia is higher-than-normal levels of potassium in the blood.Alternative NamesHigh potassium; Potassium - highCauses, incidence, and risk factorsPotassium is involved in regulating muscle tissue, and is part of digestion, metabolism, and homeostasis (maintaining a balance between the many electrical and chemical processes of the body).Hyperkalemia occurs when the level of potassium in the bloodstream is higher than normal. This may be related to an increase in total body potassium or the excess release of potassium from the cells into the bloodstream.The kidneys normally remove excess potassium from the body. Most cases of hyperkalemia are caused by disorders that reduce the kidneys' ability to get rid of potassium.This may result from disorders such as:Acute kidney failureChronic kidney failureGlomerulonephritisObstructive uropathyRejection of a kidney transplantThe hormone aldosterone regulates kidney removal of sodium and potassium. Lack of aldosterone can result in hyperkalemia with an increase in total body potassium. Addison's diseaseis one disorder that causes reduced aldosterone production.Any time potassium is released from the cells, it may build up in the fluid outside the cells and in the bloodstream. Acidosis leads to the movement of potassium from inside the cells to the fluid outside the cells. Tissue injury can cause the cells to release potassium. Such injury includes:BurnsDisorders that cause blood cells to burst (hemolytic conditions)Gastrointestinal bleedingRhabdomyolysisfrom drugs, alcoholism, coma, or certain infectionsSurgeryTraumatic injuryTumorsIf the kidney is working properly, and there is enough aldosterone, tissue trauma alone rarely leads to hyperkalemia. A normally functioning kidney will remove the excess potassium that has been released from the cells.Increased intake of potassium can cause hyperkalemia if kidney function is poor. Salt substitutes often contain potassium, as do many "low-salt" packaged foods.Hyperkalemia may be caused by medications, including medications that affect kidney function (potassium sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, amiloride, or triamterene) and potassium supplements (especially intravenous potassium).SymptomsHyperkalemia often has no symptoms. Occasionally, people may have the following symptoms:Irregular heartbeatNauseaSlow, weak, or absent pulseSigns and testsECG may show changes related to hyperkalemiaECG may show potentially dangerous arrhythmias: Heart block that may become a complete heart blockSlower than normal heartbeat (bradycardia) that progressively slowsVentricular fibrillationPulse may be slow or irregularSerum potassiumis highTreatmentCardiac arrest (absent heartbeat) may occur at any time during the treatment of hyperkalemia. Hospitalization and close monitoring are required.ACUTE TREATMENTEmergency treatment is indicated if the potassium is very high, or if severe symptoms are present, including changes in the ECG.The goal of acute treatment is to protect the body from the effects of hyperkalemia. Acute treatment may include:Cation-exchange resin medications, such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) -- to attach to potassium and cause it to be removed from the gastrointestinal tractDialysis -- to reduce total body potassium levels, especially if kidney function is compromisedDiuretic medications (water pills) -- to decrease total body potassiumIntravenous calcium -- to temporarily treat muscle and heart effects of hyperkalemiaIntravenous glucose and insulin -- to reverse severe symptoms long enough to correct the cause of the hyperkalemiaSodium bicarbonate -- to reverse hyperkalemia caused by acidosisLONG-TERM TREATMENTLong-term treatment includes treating the cause of the problem and disorders associated with hyperkalemia.Treatment of chronic renal failure may include:Limiting potassium in the diet, including reducing or stopping potassium supplementsTaking "loop diuretics" to reduce potassium and fluid levels in people with chronic renal failurePeople with kidney failure or a history of hyperkalemia should not use a salt substitute as part of a low-salt diet.Expectations (prognosis)The outcome with this condition varies. In some people, the disorder causes deadly complications, while others tolerate it well.ComplicationsArrhythmiasCardiac arrestChanges in nerve and muscle (neuromuscular) controlCalling your health care providerGo to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of hyperkalemia. Emergency symptoms include:Absent or weak heartbeatChanges in breathing patternLoss of consciousnessNauseaWeaknessPreventionTreat disorders that may cause hyperkalemia promptly. Monitor serum potassium if you have one of these conditions.Your doctor should assess your kidney function before and while you take potassium supplements. You should not take these supplements unless you have adequate urine output and kidney function.ReferencesSeifter JL. Potassium disorders. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 118.
Where does formation of urine begin?
Urine formation begins in the kidneys, where blood is filtered to remove waste products, excess ions, and water. This process occurs in the renal corpuscles within the nephrons of the kidney.
What hormones target the nephrons of the kidneys?
The Harmones which participate in the formation of urine are ANTI DIRUETIC HARMONE(ADH)
What anatomically funcional unit is responsible for urine formation?
The nephron is the anatomically functional unit responsible for urine formation in the kidneys. It consists of a glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct that work together to filter blood, reabsorb essential substances, and excrete waste products to form urine.
What structures rely on fluid pressure for the movement of urine?
Many structures within the kidneys rely on fluid pressure. The glomerus, Bowman's capsule, and tubules are all parts of the kidney that rely on fluid pressure to move the urine components along.
How do you describe the two stage process in which they help to produce urine?
you can look at the two main nephrons that are in the main part of your body.
What is the urine forming structure in the kidney?
nephrons
What is the function of nephrone?
The functions are: 1:IT forms the filtering bed through which all the constituents of plasma excepting colloids of plasma are filtered and thus helps in urine formation.
In the kidneys the tiny tubules that produce urine are called?
nephrons
Neurohypophyseal secretion of stimulates formation of concentrated urine?
The neurohypophyseal secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to the formation of concentrated urine. ADH acts on the collecting ducts of the nephrons in the kidneys to increase their permeability to water, allowing the body to conserve water and produce concentrated urine.
Where does the urine go after exits the kidneys?
urine is collected from all of the nephrons and then flow out of the kidney through the ureter.
The millions of structures in the kidneys that filter toxins out of urine are called?
The structures in the kidneys that filter toxins out of urine are called nephrons. Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons, which are responsible for filtering waste products and regulating the body's water and electrolyte balance.
Where are the majority of nephrons located?
The majority of nephrons are located in the outer region of the cortex.
