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Back in the olden days, there used to be an iris in (or close to) the lens of the camera. A clever arrangement of several metal foils that closed as a circle.
The magnitude of this opening is known as the f-stop. It is the ratio of the distance between iris and photographic film; to the diameter of the opening. Typical numbers would range from 1 to 32. This feature determines the depth of field of the lens. i.e. the distance range over which the scene is in approximate focus.
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