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Q: Do metals tend to have higher energy valence orbitals than non-metals?
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What does hybridization?

Hybridisation is a mathematical technique in valence bond theory used "create" new (higher energy) orbitals from base atomic orbitals so that the new orbitals point along bond axes. Valence bond theory as its name suggests focuses on the localised electron pair. Other bonding theories such as molecular orbital theory do not hybridise the base atomic orbitals. Both theories have their merits.


What does hybridization involve?

Hybridisation is a mathematical technique in valence bond theory used "create" new (higher energy) orbitals from base atomic orbitals so that the new orbitals point along bond axes. Valence bond theory as its name suggests focuses on the localised electron pair. Other bonding theories such as molecular orbital theory do not hybridise the base atomic orbitals. Both theories have their merits.


Do higher energy levels have higher orbitals than lower energy levels?

Energy levels are formed into sublevels which contain specific numbers of orbitals, each of which can contain two electrons with opposite spins. The s sublevel has 1 orbital, the p sublevel has 3 orbitals, the d sublevel has 5 orbitals, and the f sublevel has 7 orbitals.


What atoms cannot accommodate more than an octet of electrons?

Oxygen, because it only has four orbitals in its valence shell to accomodate extra electrons.


How does the energy of core electrons compare with energy of valence electrons?

The energy is higher.


How is that an element can have many forms if the protons never change?

Different number of neutrons result in different isotopes:Hydrogen - 1 proton, no neutronsDeuterium - 1 proton, 1 neutronTritium - 1 proton, 2 neutrons (radioactive)Different oxidation states by exchanging electrons between higher energy "hidden" orbitals and valence orbitals:Ferrous - Iron with 2 electrons in valence orbitalsFerric - Iron with 3 electrons in valence orbitals


How does the energy core electrons compare with the energy of valence electrons?

The energy is higher.


How does energy of core electrons compare with the energy of valence electron?

The energy is higher.


How does the energy of core electron compare with the energy of valence electrons?

The energy is higher.


How does energy of core electrons compare with the energy of valence electrons?

The energy is higher.


When an atom absorbs enough energy electrons move to an orbital?

The electrons become excited and move to higher energy orbitals.


Your student asked why the pi bonding orbitals are lower in energy than the sigma bonding orbitals.?

this is not a general rule. pi orbitals are always higher in energy than sigma orbitals due to side wise overlapping which is less effective than head on overlappig. however in atoms with atomic number less than 7 the sigma orbital due to overlapping of p orbitals is higher in energy than the pi orbitals formed due to sidewise overlapping of p orbitals