How do all materials react to heat and cold?

Answer 1

The answer to this question depends somewhat upon the property of the material you are examining. For example whilst glass ordinarily expands upon heating, some glasses can be designed to have only a minute expansion. Which is good for glass stove tops, oven doors, and telescope mirrors.

And similarly with electrical resistance, materials may be designed with a negative coefficient of electrical resistance with temperature.

The common generalization is that on cooling from the vapour phase, materials will first condense to a liquid, and with further cooling will freeze as a solid. Apart from Helium, which has no solid state.

Having said all that, the common behaviour is for materials to expand on heating and shrink on cooling. Except where change of state is encountered, and some materials such as water ice, Silicon, Ga, Sb, Ge, and Bi, all have anomalous expansion on freezing - but only over a limited range.

Answer 2

All materials will expand when exposed to heat and contract when exposed to cold. The extent of expansion or contraction depends on the material's specific properties. Some materials, like metals, are good conductors of heat and will quickly change temperature, while others, like wood, are poor conductors and will take longer to respond.