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Protons are particles of matter, each having a positive charge. Since all protons have a positive charge, they repel each other magnetically, but atomic nuclei bind protons and neutrons together with a strong nuclear force whose strength exceeds that of the magnetic force which would otherwise repel the protons apart. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom consists of a single proton (heavier isotopes also possessing one or more neutrons); thus a 'free' proton (a proton without an electron orbiting it) is a hydrogen atom nucleus.

When two atoms fuse in nuclear fusion, protons can get smashed together to form a variety of other particles, such as neutrons and positrons; in elements lighter than iron, this results in an overall loss of mass with the lost mass converted into energy (which is where the energy in nuclear fusion comes from: some of the mass is converted into energy).

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