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Soaps, including laundry detergents, are slightly alkaline ("basic").

Most organic stains (foods, sweat, blood) are slightly acidic, so being slightly alkaline helps detergent dissolve these substances.

But the real reason that detergents help clean things is because of the way they interact with water. Water has surface tension, and tends to bead up on surfaces. Detergents break surface tension, and make water spread out over surfaces (like you dirty jeans) more evenly, helping to loosen soil there.

In addition, soap molecules have one end which likes to "stick" to water, and the other end which likes to "stick" to oily substances (like grime and other dirty stuff), so they help to loosen dirt from surfaces and mix it with the water better.

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11y ago

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