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It is chemical. Stainless steel is an alloy of chromium, iron, and carbon. The carbon is what makes the iron harder, as iron is a very soft, malleable metal when pure. The chromium in the steel readily goes to the surface of the iron and oxidizes, forming a layer of chromium oxide. This is a tough layer on the surface of the steel, resisting scratches. It also protects the steel from rust. when the rust-resistant surface is scratched and iron is exposed to air, the chromium goes to the surface and readily oxidizes again. This protects the steel as long as there is chromium in the steel. When the chromium is gone then the steel will no longer be stainless and it will be able to rust. This lasts for about 20-40 years for the average stainless kitchen knife.

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