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1.Kidney excretion of H+
2.Exhalation of CO2 3. Buffer systems
1. The kidneys swap H+ for Na+ levels in the blood, controlled or in response to levels of H+, bicarbonate & partial pressure of CO2.
2.When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water or blood, it forms carbonic acid, H2CO3. Exhalation of CO2 allows the blood near your lungs to reduce their acid content.
3. Buffer Systems
Bicarbonate Buffer System
The bicarbonate buffer system is a mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, a weak base), in the same solution. Although it also buffers the ICF, it is the only important ECF buffer.
Carbonic acid, a weak acid, does not dissociate to any great extent in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong acid such as HCl is added to this buffer system, the existing carbonic acid remains intact. However, the bicarbonate ions of the salt act as weak bases to tie up the H1 released by the stronger acid (HCl), forming more carbonic acid:
HCl 1 NaHCO3 S H2CO3 1 NaCl strong acid weak base weak acid salt
Phosphate Buffer System
The operation of the phosphate buffer system is nearly identical to that of the bicarbonate buffer. The components of the phosphate system are the sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO42) and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO422). NaH2PO4 acts as a weak acid. Na2HPO4, with one less hydrogen atom, acts as a weak base.
Again, H1 released by strong acids is tied up in weak acids:
HCl 1 Na2HPO4 S NaH2PO4 1 NaCl strong acid weak base weak acid salt
Protein Buffer System
Proteins in plasma and in cells are the body's protein buffer sys-
tem. In fact, at least three-quarters of all the buffering power of
body fluids resides in cells, and most of this reflects the powerful buffering activity of intracellular proteins.
As described in Chapter 2, proteins are polymers of amino acids. Some of the linked amino acids have exposed groups of atoms called carboxyl groups (---COOH), organic acid groups that release H1 when the pH begins to rise:
R---COOH S R---COO2 1 H1
(Note that R indicates the rest of the organic molecule, which contains many atoms.)
Other amino acids have exposed groups that can act as bases and accept H1. For example, an exposed ---NH2 group can bind with a hydrogen ion, becoming
---NH31:
R---NH2 1 H1 S R---NH31
What else can I help you with?
What help prevent changes in the acid-base balance of body fluids?
protein and mineral salts
Why the fluids are important?
Fluids are important for the body to function properly as they help to maintain hydration, regulate body temperature, transport nutrients and waste, and support various physiological processes. Dehydration can lead to health issues such as headaches, fatigue, and kidney problems, emphasizing the importance of staying adequately hydrated through consuming fluids.
Why is perspiration salty?
Perspiration is salty because it contains electrolytes such as sodium and chloride that are present in the body fluids. These electrolytes are released through sweat glands to help regulate the body's temperature and maintain the balance of fluids in the body.
What helps prevent changes in the acid balance of body fluids?
The body has several buffering systems to regulate the acid-base balance of body fluids, including the bicarbonate buffer system in the blood and the phosphate buffer system in the kidneys. These systems help maintain proper pH levels by neutralizing acids and bases. Additionally, the respiratory system can regulate pH by adjusting carbon dioxide levels through breathing.
What helps prevent changes in the acid-base balance of body fluids?
The body has built-in mechanisms to regulate acid-base balance, including the respiratory system which controls carbon dioxide levels in the blood, and the kidneys which regulate bicarbonate levels. Eating a balanced diet with adequate minerals like potassium and magnesium can also help maintain acid-base balance. Drinking plenty of water and avoiding excessive alcohol and caffeine intake can also support proper acid-base balance.
Is urination is one of the key mechanisms for losing fluid from the human body?
Yes, urination is one of the key mechanisms for losing fluid from the human body. It helps regulate the balance of electrolytes and water in the body by removing excess fluids and waste products.
How do crickets regulate their body temperature?
Crickets live in environments where they can regulate their body temperature. They are ectotherms, which means they don't have physiological mechanisms to maintain their body temperature.
What parts of your body regulate the flow in fluids in and out of various systems?
valves
What are the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone levels in the body?
Positive and negative feedback
What is the most potent of all mechanisms the body uses to regulate blood pH?
The buffer system
What makes the fluids taken out of the body?
Fluids are typically taken out of the body through processes such as urination, sweating, and breathing. These fluids help regulate body temperature, remove waste products, and maintain proper hydration levels in the body.
List three vital body processes that vitamins help regulate?
Three vital body processes that vitamins help regulate are digestion, absobtion, and metabolism.
How is heat transported in the body?
Heat is transported in the body through three main mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct transfer through physical contact, convection involves movement of heat through circulation of fluids like blood, and radiation involves emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves. These processes work together to regulate body temperature and maintain homeostasis.
What help prevent changes in the acid-base balance of body fluids?
protein and mineral salts
What are glands that release their secretions directly into the body fluids and help regulate metabolic processes?
endocrine glands
What role do cytokines, proteins that regulate immune responses, play in the body's defense mechanisms?
Cytokines are proteins that help regulate the immune system by signaling between cells. They play a crucial role in coordinating the body's defense mechanisms, such as inflammation and immune responses, to fight off infections and diseases.
Why don't people swell up and burst when people swim in water that is hypnotic solution to people's cells and body fluids?
Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solutes compared to our body fluids. When we swim in a hypotonic solution, water enters our cells via osmosis to equalize the concentration, but our cells have mechanisms to regulate the influx of water, preventing them from swelling up and bursting.
