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During ionic bonding, the valence electrons are either lost or gained, depending on which group the element is.

eg. Na + Cl --> Na+ + Cl-

Na has lost an valence electron and Cl has gained an that electron.

During covalent bonding, the valence electrons are shared between two atoms.

eg. 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O

In H2O, each Hydrogen atom shares one pair of electrons with Oxygen by forming a covalent bond.

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