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Could be several things and caused by several different reasons. The atoms Chloride and Sodium (NaCl or "table salt") usually go together and follow each other; when there's a loss of one there's usually a loss of the other. One example is when a diuretic is used to treat blood pressure or hypervolemia. Diuretics "prevent" the kidneys from reabsorbing Na and CL (and often, K: potassium) back into the blood stream at various points throughout the nephron. The result is the loss of NaCl in urine, and along with it, more water too.

Sodium is particularly important in many processes throughout the body, including osmosis (movement of water throughout the various compartments of the body and each cell), nerve impulse transmissions (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves both sending and receiving impulses) and to every muscle fiber, where potassium is really important as well.

Low Cl is usually an indication that Na is also low, (but not always), and it's the sodium that affects so many processes in the body. Chloride kind of just goes along for the ride because it's the other (negatively charged) half of these three very important and essential salts: sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride, all atoms the body has to have in order to survive, and for so many different reasons.

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