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Common glass (called soda lime glass) is made from sand, SiO2, Na2O and CaO. Lead may be added to make the glass more flexible, or to improve its refractive index and make it sparkle, such as in crystal glasses.

[We add the Na2O) to lower the melting point and thus lower cost, but this makes the glass more soluble (!) and we add the CaO to counter this.]

You must have seen glass bottles with a bluish bloom on them - this is solution attack - often from alkali.

Pure SiO2 glass is used where high melting point is needed, and where the contamination from the Ca or Na could not be tolerates in a scientific process.

Borosilicate glasses have great use, for their composition can be tailored to have an essentially zero temperature expansion. Of great use in lab glassware, oven doors, and stove tops.

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