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The melting, shaping, and treating of metals and alloys under reduced pressure that ranges from subatmospheric pressure to ultra-high vacuum.

The making, shaping, and treating of metals, alloys, and intermetallic and refractory-metalscompounds in a gaseousenvironment where the composition and partial pressures of the various components of the gas phase are carefully controlled. In many instances, this environment is a vacuum ranging from subatmospheric to ultrahigh-vacuum(less than 760 torr or 101 kilopascals to 10−12 torr or 10−10 pascal). In other cases, reactive gases are deliberately added to the environment to produce the desired reactions, such as in reactive evaporationand sputteringprocesses and chemical vapor depositon. The processes in vacuum metallurgyinvolve liquid/solid, vapor/solid, and vapor/liquid/solid transitions. In addition, they include testing of metals in controlled environments.

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