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Fossil Plants are valuable indicators of physical and climate conditions ,under which they existed.Bees gave evidence of successive waves of forest with different genera of trees.The analysis of pollen has been employed to cover whole paleobotony research .The pollen grain "exine" is resistant and it may have long geological life,once it is deposited into sediments.But only if grain avoid mechanical strength and chemical changes such as oxidation.The fossil pollen record begins from devonian time .Pollen fossils of "primitive Gymnosperms" were dominant in Devonian and Jurassic period.
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What State of oxides of germanium?
Germanium oxide can exist in different oxidation states: GeO, GeO2, and GeO3. GeO2, also known as germanium dioxide, is the most stable and commonly found oxide of germanium.
A branch of science that combines geology and chemistry?
Rocks are made of minerals. Minerals have a chemical formula. The ratios of minerals in a rock may be an indicator of how a rock was formed and under what environmental circumstances. Good stuff for geologists.
What is the ionic charge for germanium?
Germanium is in the fourth period of the periodic table. It exhibits two oxidation states GeII and GeIV This tendency for a lower oxidation state is termed the "inert pair effect". Looking at the halides GeF2 is a volatile white solid with an unusual structure which does not suggest that the bonding is ionic. GeCl4 is a covalent molecular compound like CCl4 and SiCl4 the oxides GeO2 and GeO are both known but GeO is unstable disproportionates to GeO2 and metallic germanium. In the oxides the bonding but like silicon oxides, it is best described as covalent. So in summary Ge2+ and Ge4+ (and these will probably be present in mass spectrometer beams) with the proviso that ions with a 4+ charge in reality are so strongly polarising that they will form bonds with a degree of covalency.
What is base words?
Base words are words in their simplest form without any affixes (prefixes or suffixes) attached. They are the foundation of a word and can often be modified to create new words by adding affixes. For example, the base word "happy" can be turned into "unhappy" by adding the prefix "un-" to create a new word with a different meaning.
WHAT IS limitations of surface geochemical analysis of hydrocarbons?
Surface geochemical analysis of hydrocarbons has limitations such as low spatial resolution, limited depth penetration, and susceptibility to contamination from sources other than the hydrocarbons of interest. Additionally, surface geochemical methods may not provide a complete picture of subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs or their characteristics, leading to the need for additional exploration techniques.
What is the study of grain called?
palynology
What has the author Maria A Lorente written?
Maria A. Lorente has written: 'Palynology and palynofacies of the Upper Tertiary in Venezuela' -- subject(s): Paleobotany, Palynology
What is called the study of pollen grains?
palynology
What has the author Aharon Horowitz written?
Aharon Horowitz has written: 'Palynology of arid lands' -- subject(s): Arid regions plants, Palynology, Pollen
What has the author Gerhard O W Kremp written?
Gerhard O. W. Kremp has written: 'Morphologic encyclopedia of palynology' -- subject(s): Palynology, Dictionaries
Role of palynology in oil exploration?
study of spores &pollen
The study of the spores and pollen of plants to recreate an environment?
Palynology
How can the knowledge of plants help solve crimes?
forensic palynology
What has the author G F W Herngreen written?
G. F. W. Herngreen has written: 'Palynology of Middle and Upper Cretaceous strata in Brazil' -- subject(s): Paleobotany, Palynology
What has the author Sigrid Lichti-Federovich written?
Sigrid Lichti-Federovich has written: 'Palynology of two sections of late Quaternary sediments from the Porcupine River, Yukon Territory' -- subject(s): Paleobotany, Palynology
What has the author W S Drugg written?
W. S. Drugg has written: 'Palynology of the upper Moreno formation (late Cretaceous-Paleocene) Escarpado Canyon, California' -- subject(s): Palynology, Paleobotany
What has the author Hans Tralau written?
Hans Tralau has written: 'Bibliography and index to palaeobotany and palynology 1950-70' -- subject(s): Bibliography, Paleobotany, Palynology 'Asiatic dicotyledonous affinities in the Cainozoic flora of Europe' -- subject(s): Fossil Dicotyledons, Paleobotany
