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The short answer is order. Elements are grouped in a table according to similarities in electron structure, atomic composition, the number of protons / neutrons / electrons. This also then naturally groups them by similar properties, metallic / nonmetallic, electronegativity, etc. Periods (columns) group by number of valence (outer shell) electrons.
the basis of arrangement of element in a Periodic Table is based on the increasing proton number of the elements.

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