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As they exist in nature, elements usually have no charge.

However, there are certain tendencies of elements to become anions (ions with negative charges) or cations (ions with positive charges) based upon their individual compositions.

Imagine the Periodic Table and it's groups. The transition metals in the middle of the table form various cations that are not easy to predict. Therefore, we can't represent all transition metals as their own group with one specific charge. But, we CAN do that for some other groups:

Group 1 elements (Li, Na, K etc.) have similar chemical properties that make them "want" to have a charge of +1.

Group 2 elements form 2+ ions, and

Group 3 elements form 3+ ions.

Group 4 elements may have a charge of either 4+ or 4- and need to be memorized.

The elements that form negative ions are in Group 6 (2- charge) and Group 7 (1- charge).

Noble gases have their outermost energy levels full of electrons and are "balanced" and thus have a very low tendency to become ions.

In order to reasonably assume the charge of an element in an equation, you have to consider the other elements it will be reacting with and take into consideration their properties as well.

For example, when Hydrogen and Oxygen combine to form water, two Hydrogen atoms bond with one Oxygen atom. Say you remember that Oxygen is in Group 6 on the periodic table and Group 6 elements have a 2- charge. Say you also remember that Hydrogen is a noble gas without a charge listed. Since the Oxygen atom has a 2- charge, each Hydrogen atom will have to have a +1 charge to attract to the oxygen and bond with it (this is because molecules like to be neutral and form a net charge of zero).

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