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Three different definitions for the same, ordered evolutionary:

A base according to:

(In all three examples ammonia is the base molecule)

  • Arrhenius will form hydroxide (OH−) ions.

    Example: NH3 + H2O --> NH4+ + OH-

  • Brønsted is a species with the ability to gain or "accept" a proton, H+, a hydrogen cation.

    Example: NH3 + H+ --> NH4+

  • Lewis is any species that donates a lone pair of electrons

    (represented by two dots in the next example: ':' or '..' )

    Example: +H + :NH3 -->+H..NH3 (which is of coarse the same as NH4+)

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What is true of an Arrhenius's base?

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Which molecule is considered a base in the Lewis model but not in the Bronsted-Lowry or Arrhenius model?

Aluminum chloride is considered a Lewis base but not a Bronsted-Lowry or Arrhenius base. In the Lewis model, a molecule is considered a base if it can donate a lone pair of electrons, which aluminum chloride can do. However, in the Bronsted-Lowry and Arrhenius models, a base is defined as a substance that can accept a proton, which aluminum chloride cannot do.


Is Ba(OH)2 classified as an Arrhenius acid or base?

Ba(OH)2 is classified as an Arrhenius base.


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