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From columns left to right, elements become less reactive as you go right.

From rows top to bottom, elements become heavier, heavier elements being lower and on the right of the row.

In the first row, each element has only one energy shell.

In the second, each element has two, and in the third three and so on.

All elements in group one have a single valence electron. Group 2 has two. Skipping transition metals, groups 13 - 18 have 3 - 8 valence electrons, respectively.

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