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It's called a subscript, and in the formula for a substance, it tells you how many representative particles you have of that substance. If there is no subscript, it is understood to be 1, which means you only have 1 representative particle of that substance.

Examples: H2O, or water, means you have 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

Ca(NO3)2, or calcium nitrate, means you have 1 calcium atom, and 2 nitrate polyatomics (comprised of a total of 2 nitrogens and 6 oxygens.) A subscript outside a set of parentheses distributes to everything in the parentheses.

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Q: What is the small number called to the right of the symbol molecule and the chemical equation?
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What is a number placed in front of a chemical formula in a chemical equation called?

Coefficient. It generally corresponds to the number of moles of the molecule / atom under consideration.


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coefficent


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