Large quantities of calcium and magnesium ions make water hard.
Yes, bases contain hydroxide ions (OH-) which are responsible for their basic properties. When bases dissolve in water, they release hydroxide ions which can react with acids to form water and a salt.
Generally hydroxide ions (in the case of inorganic bases) or nitrogen atoms with a lone pair (in the case of organic bases).
Ammonia can accept H ions in water because it is a weak base. In water, ammonia (NH3) can react with water (H2O) to form ammonium ion (NH4+) and hydroxide ion (OH-). This reaction occurs because ammonia has a lone pair of electrons that can bond with a proton (H+) from water.
In a solution of CuSO4, water molecules will surround Cu2+ ions due to their positive charge through a process called hydration. The water molecules form coordinate covalent bonds with the Cu2+ ions by donating a lone pair of electrons to the copper ion, effectively binding the water molecules to the CuSO4 compound.
Acid:Electron pair;Base:Proton
Yes, bases contain hydroxide ions (OH-) which are responsible for their basic properties. When bases dissolve in water, they release hydroxide ions which can react with acids to form water and a salt.
Generally hydroxide ions (in the case of inorganic bases) or nitrogen atoms with a lone pair (in the case of organic bases).
Ammonia can accept H ions in water because it is a weak base. In water, ammonia (NH3) can react with water (H2O) to form ammonium ion (NH4+) and hydroxide ion (OH-). This reaction occurs because ammonia has a lone pair of electrons that can bond with a proton (H+) from water.
Pyridine acts as a base when it reacts with water to form hydroxide ions. The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom in pyridine can accept a proton from water, resulting in the formation of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution.
There are three definitions. A substance that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in water. A substance that accepts a proton (H+ ion). An electron pair donor.
Ammonia is not a base when using the more widely known Arrhenius definition (which states that a base releases OH- and an acid releases H+. Instead, it is considered a base when using the Lewis definition, which states that a base is an electron pair donor, and an acid is an electron pair acceptor. The structure of ammonia, NH3, has a pair on the nitrogen atom, and it is this lone pair that acts as a electron pair donor.Also, when mixed with water, ammonia forms ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), which is a base according to the Arrhenius definition.See the Related Questions for more information about ammonia and its basicity.
When positive ions and negative ions are nearby they are attracted and pair up building an Ionic Crystal.
In a solution of CuSO4, water molecules will surround Cu2+ ions due to their positive charge through a process called hydration. The water molecules form coordinate covalent bonds with the Cu2+ ions by donating a lone pair of electrons to the copper ion, effectively binding the water molecules to the CuSO4 compound.
When positive ions and negative ions are nearby they are attracted and pair up building an Ionic Crystal.
Acid:Electron pair;Base:Proton
For general introductory chemistry, the answer is likely proton. The earlier Arrhenius definition characterized an acid as producing hydrogen ions, H+ (actually hydronium, H3O+, positively ionized water) and a base as producing hydroxide ions OH− (negatively ionized water). However, the Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory defines an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor. In more advanced chemical and geochemical definitions, other answers are possible. The Lewis definition says the H+ proton is the acid, and the OH− is the base. In that case an electron pair is being transfered. Geochemists and electrochemists often talk about oxide transfer, that is that oxygen is being accepted and donated.
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