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Where have PCBs caused widespread skin and systemic disorders?
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Are PCBs highly biodegradable?
PCBs are considered to be persistant environmental pollutants and thus are not very biodegradable.
What are PCBs used for?
Completely colorless to light, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)are a compound mixture of over 200 different congeners. PCBs are no longer being produced because of the harmful contaimination toxicity that can occur but at one time the mixture was commercially produced for electrical equipment like transformers and capacitors because of the ability for PCBs to act as insulators since they do not burn easily. The manufacture of PCBs was stopped in the U.S. in 1977 because of evidence that PCBs build up in the environment and could cause harmful health effects. Items such as fluorescent light fixtures that were produced prior to 1977 may be a potential for PCB contamination.What happens to PCBs when they enter the environment?PCBs entered air, water and soil during their manufacture, use and disposal; from accidental spills and leaks during their transport; and from leaks or fires in products containing PCBs. PCBs can still be released to the environment from hazardous waste sites; illegal or improper disposal of industrial wastes and consumer products; leaks from old electrical transformers containing PCBs; also incinerating some wastes. PCBs do not readily break down in the environment and thus may remain there for very long periods of time. PCBs can travel long distances in the air and be deposited in areas far away from where they were released.While water contamination can occur, many PCBs dissolve or stick to the bottom sediments or attach themselves to organic particles. Similarly, soil is another compound that PCBs bind to. PCBs are taken up by small organisms and fish and they are also taken up by other animals that eat these aquatic animals as food. PCBs accumulate in fish and marine mammals, reaching levels that may be many thousands of times higher than in water.How might I be exposed to PCBs?Exposure to PCBs may occur if old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices and appliances, such as television sets and refrigerators, that were made 30 or more years ago, are used. These fixtures, devices, and appliances may leak small amounts of PCBs into the air when they get hot during operation and also could be a source of skin exposure.People can be exposed to PCBs by eating contaminated food. The main dietary sources of PCBs are fish (especially sport fish caught in contaminated lakes or rivers), meat and dairy products. Another way to become exposed to PCBs is through contaminated well water or air near a waste site. Employees may be exposed to PCBs. In the workplace during repair and maintenance of PCB transformers; accidents, fires or spills involving transformers, fluorescent lights and other old electrical devices; and disposal of PCB materials.How can PCBs affect my health?Acne-like skin rashes are a side effect of PCBs exposure in adults, for children, the side effects are much worse seriously affecting neurobehavioral and immunological changes. PCBs are known to cause cancer in animals.The most commonly observed health effects in people exposed to large amounts of PCBs are skin conditions such as acne and rashes. Liver damage may occur in exposed workers and can be found when testing blood and urine levels. PCB exposure in the general population is not likely to result in skin and liver effects. Most of the studies of health effects of PCBs in the general population examined children of mothers who were exposed to PCBs.Animals that ate food containing large amounts of PCBs for short periods of time had mild liver damage and some died. Animals that ate smaller amounts of PCBs in food over several weeks or months developed various kinds of health effects, including anemia; acne-like skin conditions; and liver, stomach and thyroid gland injuries. Other effects of PCBs in animals include changes in the immune system, behavioral alterations, and impaired reproduction. PCBs are not known to cause birth defects.How likely are PCBs to cause cancer?Few studies of workers indicate that PCBs were associated with certain kinds of cancer in humans, such as cancer of the liver and biliary tract. Rats that ate food containing high levels of PCBs for two years developed liver cancer. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has concluded that PCBs may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens (substances that cause cancer). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have determined that PCBs are probably carcinogenic to humans.Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to PCBs?Tests exist to measure levels of PCBs in your blood, body fat, and breast milk, but these are not routinely conducted. Most people normally have low levels of PCBs in their body because nearly everyone has been environmentally exposed to PCBs. The tests can show if your PCB levels are elevated, which would indicate past exposure to above-normal levels of PCBs, but cannot determine when or how long you were exposed or whether you will develop health effects.Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health from exposure to PCBs?The EPA has set a limit of 0.0005 milligrams of PCBs per liter of drinking water (0.0005 mg/L). Reports to the EPA of PCB spill or accidental releases of 1 or more pounds must occur. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that infant foods, eggs, milk and other dairy products, fish and shellfish, poultry, and red meat contain no more than 0.2-3 parts of PCBs per million (0.2-3 ppm). Many states have established fish and wildlife consumption advisories for PCBs
Why are PCBs - polychlorinated biphenyls - dangerous?
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl which is a molecule composed of two benzene rings each containing six carbon atoms. The chemical formula for all PCBs is C12H10-xClx. PCBs were used as coolants and insulating fluids for transformers and capacitors, stabilizing additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical wiring and electronic components, pesticide extenders, cutting oils, flame retardants, hydraulic fluids, sealants (used in caulking, etc), adhesives, wood floor finishes,[1] paints, de-dusting agents, and in carbonless copy paper.[2] PCB production was banned in the 1970s due to the high toxicity of most PCB congeners and mixtures. PCBs are classified as persistent organic pollutants which bioaccumulate in animals.
What is a Chloride?
Cooper's Chloride is a chemical solution used to etch printed circuit boards (PCBs).
What is a Cooper chloride?
Cooper's Chloride is a chemical solution used to etch printed circuit boards (PCBs).
How many people are affected by PCBs in America?
Everyone is affected by PCBs, in the US and otherwise. PCBs are most commonly stored in the fat of large fish, so anyone who has consumed fish has probably consumed at least minute quantities of PCBs.
Why is calling pcb?
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the boards that are used as the base in most electronics – both as a physical support piece and as the wiring area for the surface-mounted and socketed components. PCBs are most commonly made out of fiberglass, composite epoxy, or another composite material.Most PCBs for simple electronics are simple and composed of only a single layer. More sophisticated hardware such as computer graphics cards or motherboards can have multiple layers, sometimes up to twelve.There are several overall types of PCB boards each with their own particular manufacturing specifications, material types, and usages: Single-layer PCBs, Double-layer PCBs, Multi-layer PCBs, Rigid PCBs, Flexible PCBs, Rigid-Flex PCBs, High-frequency PCBs, Aluminum-backed PCBs.
Are PCBs highly biodegradable?
PCBs are considered to be persistant environmental pollutants and thus are not very biodegradable.
PCBs that disrupt hormones in humans are interfering with the?
PCBs, or polychlorinated bis-phenols, are believed to disrupt normal endocrine function. This is thought to occur because PCBs mimic sex hormones in the body.
What are PCBs used for?
Completely colorless to light, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)are a compound mixture of over 200 different congeners. PCBs are no longer being produced because of the harmful contaimination toxicity that can occur but at one time the mixture was commercially produced for electrical equipment like transformers and capacitors because of the ability for PCBs to act as insulators since they do not burn easily. The manufacture of PCBs was stopped in the U.S. in 1977 because of evidence that PCBs build up in the environment and could cause harmful health effects. Items such as fluorescent light fixtures that were produced prior to 1977 may be a potential for PCB contamination.What happens to PCBs when they enter the environment?PCBs entered air, water and soil during their manufacture, use and disposal; from accidental spills and leaks during their transport; and from leaks or fires in products containing PCBs. PCBs can still be released to the environment from hazardous waste sites; illegal or improper disposal of industrial wastes and consumer products; leaks from old electrical transformers containing PCBs; also incinerating some wastes. PCBs do not readily break down in the environment and thus may remain there for very long periods of time. PCBs can travel long distances in the air and be deposited in areas far away from where they were released.While water contamination can occur, many PCBs dissolve or stick to the bottom sediments or attach themselves to organic particles. Similarly, soil is another compound that PCBs bind to. PCBs are taken up by small organisms and fish and they are also taken up by other animals that eat these aquatic animals as food. PCBs accumulate in fish and marine mammals, reaching levels that may be many thousands of times higher than in water.How might I be exposed to PCBs?Exposure to PCBs may occur if old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices and appliances, such as television sets and refrigerators, that were made 30 or more years ago, are used. These fixtures, devices, and appliances may leak small amounts of PCBs into the air when they get hot during operation and also could be a source of skin exposure.People can be exposed to PCBs by eating contaminated food. The main dietary sources of PCBs are fish (especially sport fish caught in contaminated lakes or rivers), meat and dairy products. Another way to become exposed to PCBs is through contaminated well water or air near a waste site. Employees may be exposed to PCBs. In the workplace during repair and maintenance of PCB transformers; accidents, fires or spills involving transformers, fluorescent lights and other old electrical devices; and disposal of PCB materials.How can PCBs affect my health?Acne-like skin rashes are a side effect of PCBs exposure in adults, for children, the side effects are much worse seriously affecting neurobehavioral and immunological changes. PCBs are known to cause cancer in animals.The most commonly observed health effects in people exposed to large amounts of PCBs are skin conditions such as acne and rashes. Liver damage may occur in exposed workers and can be found when testing blood and urine levels. PCB exposure in the general population is not likely to result in skin and liver effects. Most of the studies of health effects of PCBs in the general population examined children of mothers who were exposed to PCBs.Animals that ate food containing large amounts of PCBs for short periods of time had mild liver damage and some died. Animals that ate smaller amounts of PCBs in food over several weeks or months developed various kinds of health effects, including anemia; acne-like skin conditions; and liver, stomach and thyroid gland injuries. Other effects of PCBs in animals include changes in the immune system, behavioral alterations, and impaired reproduction. PCBs are not known to cause birth defects.How likely are PCBs to cause cancer?Few studies of workers indicate that PCBs were associated with certain kinds of cancer in humans, such as cancer of the liver and biliary tract. Rats that ate food containing high levels of PCBs for two years developed liver cancer. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has concluded that PCBs may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens (substances that cause cancer). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have determined that PCBs are probably carcinogenic to humans.Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to PCBs?Tests exist to measure levels of PCBs in your blood, body fat, and breast milk, but these are not routinely conducted. Most people normally have low levels of PCBs in their body because nearly everyone has been environmentally exposed to PCBs. The tests can show if your PCB levels are elevated, which would indicate past exposure to above-normal levels of PCBs, but cannot determine when or how long you were exposed or whether you will develop health effects.Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health from exposure to PCBs?The EPA has set a limit of 0.0005 milligrams of PCBs per liter of drinking water (0.0005 mg/L). Reports to the EPA of PCB spill or accidental releases of 1 or more pounds must occur. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that infant foods, eggs, milk and other dairy products, fish and shellfish, poultry, and red meat contain no more than 0.2-3 parts of PCBs per million (0.2-3 ppm). Many states have established fish and wildlife consumption advisories for PCBs
What does the PCBs stand for and what is it?
PCBs stand for polychlorinated biphenyls, which are a group of man-made chemicals that were used in various industrial applications such as insulating fluids and in sealants. PCBs are now banned in many countries due to their toxic effects on human health and the environment.
What is the major pollution problem in Lake Michigan?
PCBs.
Are PCBs poisonous?
PCBs have serious poisons which have been shown to cause damage to the reproductive, neurological and immune systems of wildlife and humans and are known to cause cancer so yes they are poisonous.
What are the effects of exposure to PCBs?
Exposure to PCBs can lead to various health effects, including skin conditions, liver damage, and reproductive issues. Long-term exposure has been linked to cancer and impacts on the immune and nervous systems. PCBs are considered a serious environmental hazard due to their persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in the food chain.
When do flexible printed circuit boards apply the rule of change?
There is no information about when flexible printed circuit boards (PCB) apply the rule of change, however, flexible PCBs are made with identical materials as rigid PCBs but made with photolithographic technology. They are used for their flexibility, space saving and at times where production constraints limit the availability of rigid PCBs.
What manufacturers make microwavs PCB's?
Some manufacturers that make microwave PCBs include Samsung, Sharp and Panasonic. Each brand has their own production facility that makes microwave PCBs for their consumer product line.
What is a biphenyl?
A biphenyl is a substituted or otherwise altered version of the hydrocarbon C12H10, such as PCBs.
