Who are some famous chemists and what are their contributions?

Answer 1

Below is a list of world-famous chemists:

• Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), Swedish chemist, engineer, best known for isolating dynamite
• Luis Federico Leloir (1906-1987), Argentine biochemist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize for research into sugar nucleotides, metabolism of carbohydrates, and renal hypertension
• Teunis Ven-der Linden (1884-1965), Dutch chemist, developed insecticide "Lindane"
• Jabir bin Hayyan (721-815), A Persian polymath and considered the father of modern chemistry. He invented of over twenty types of now-basic chemical laboratory equipment, such as the alembic and retort. He discovered sulfuric acid, and by distilling it together with various salts, Jabir discovered hydrochloric acid (from salt) and nitric acid (from saltpeter).
• Democritus (460-370B.C.), Greek philosopher introduced idea that matter consisted of atoms having physical size and shape which constantly moved in a void and interacted in different ways
• Daniel Rutherford (1749-1819), discovered nitrogen
• Robert Boyle (1627-1691), English physicist and chemist. Experimented in pneumatics (the study of mechanical properties of air and other gases). Through research he rejected the accepted definition of matter and Proposed Boyle's Law (1662)
• Henry Canvendish (1731-1810), English physicist and chemist, discovered hydrogen (1766), and discovered nitric acid
• John Dalton (1766-1844), English chemist and physicist,(1793), developed atomic theory. His theory (1805) accounts for the law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, and law of multiple proportions, he also reduced the first table of atomic weights
• Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) stated that equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, had the same amount of molecules, proposed the Avogadro's Law which states that, "Equal volumes of gases contain the equal number of molecules when the given temperature and pressure are same for all the gases." The number of molecules present is known as, Avogadro's number and is 6.023 x 1023
• Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850), French chemist and physicist, developed the law of volumes concerning the combination of gases, and also discovered Boron
• Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899), German chemist, helped develop the spectroscope, introduced the Bunsen burner that was actually developed by his laboratory assistant, Peter Desaga, discovered elements Cesium and Rubidium
• Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907), Russian chemist, Developed the periodic table by placing the elements in order of increasing atomic weight (1869), Predicted the existence and properties of elements that would fill the gaps left in his chart (1871), These elements were discovered between 1875 and 1885
• Joseph John Thomson(1856-1940) English physicist, Researched atomic structure, Discovered that atoms contained particles which he called "electrons" by testing the ratio of cathode ray particles to their mass and found out that they were always equal. he Received Nobel Prize for physics (1907) and developed the mass spectrograph with Francis William Ason (1919)
• Robert Andrews Milikan(1868-1953)American physicist, Succeeded in measuring, quite accurately, the minimum electric charge that could be carried by a particle (1911)
• Ernest Rutherford(1871-1937) British physicist from New Zealand, Discovered several radioactive isotopes with colleagues (1899-1905), Classified forms of radiation as alpha, beta, and gamma; received Nobel Prize for chemistry (1908)
• Svante Arrhenius (1859 -1927) - He proposed the equation now known as the Arrhenius equation. He was also one of the first chemists who proposed that when in a solution the salt dissociates into ions even in the absence of an electric current.
• Jons Jacob Berzelius (1779 - 1848) - Swedish, gave the technique of chemical formula notations. He also proposed the law of constant proportions, which proved that inorganic substances are made of elements that are in constant proportion by weight.
• Marie Curie (1867 - 1934) - Polish born chemist and physicist, discovered the radioactive elements radium and polonium for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867) - discovered the aromatic compound benzene.

Answer 2

1. Marie Curie - discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium, paving the way for advancements in nuclear physics and cancer treatment.
2. Dmitri Mendeleev - created the Periodic Table of elements which organized elements by Atomic Mass and properties, leading to a better understanding of chemical reactions.
3. Linus Pauling - a pioneer in the field of quantum chemistry, he made significant contributions to our understanding of chemical bonding and the structure of molecules.

Answer 3

Some names: Lavoisier, Lomonosov, Scheele, Proust, Priestley, Berzelius, Arrhenius, Seaborg, Kekule, Oswald, Mendeleev, Avogadro, Paracelsus, etc.

But the subject is very large; read a book about the history of chemistry. Begin with the link below.

Answer 4

Filipino Chemists and their contributions

Julian Banzon - experimented with the production of ethyl ester fuels from sugarcane and coconut and invented a means of extracting residual coconut oil by a chemical process rather than a physical process. A pioneer for alternative fuels ROM the 1930's and 40's.

Francisco Quisumbing - invented Quink ink (currently used in Parker Pens) which is a quick drying ink that prevents the ink from clogging the pen.

Ramon Barba - created crop flowering techniques using a potassium nitrate spray. Due to his discoveries in tropical tree physiology, the Philippines is the leading exporter of mangoes and mango products.

Francisco Santos - studied the nutritive values and chemical composition of local foods from the Philippines. His data was used to help detect and solve problems with Filipino diets.

Rolando De La Cruz - inventor of an anti-cancer skin cream.

Anacleto Del Rosario - Winner of first prize at the World Fair in Paris in 1881 for for producing a pure alcohol from tuba of a nipa palm. His research also led to the process of extracting castor oil from a native plant called palma christi.

Alfredo Santos - isolation and elucidation of biochemicals (the phaeantharine and other alkaloids) from Philippine medical plants.

Eduardo San Juan - worked on the team that invented and launched the Lunar Rover (Moon Bugg)

Daniel Dingel - possible invention of a water-powered car

Benjamin Almeda - designed a cutting edge food-processing machine

More Filipino Scientists that have contributed to the field of chemistry:

1. Lourdes J. Cruz
2. Dr. Beatrice Guevara
3. Dr. Evelyn Mae T. Mendoza
4. Dr. Elma C. Llaguno
5. Lani Rose Mateo
6. Richard Sucgang
7. Angel Arguelles
8. Julian Bazon
9. Luz Oliveros-Belardo
10. Alfredo Santos

Answer 5

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

English physicist and mathematician, considered by many to be the greatest physicist of all time. His most famous contributions to physics are his law of gravitation and laws of motion. He also invented calculus, and made important discoveries in the field of optics (for example, the discovery that white light may be split into the colours of the rainbow by a prism). The SI unit of force is named after him.

André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836)

French physicist most famous for investigating the magnetic fields produced by current-carrying wires. His work extended that of the Danish physicist Hans Oersted, who discovered in 1819 that a compass needle was deflected by a current-carrying wire. He also invented the solenoid. Today, the law that governs the magnetic fields produced by electric currents is called Ampère's Law, and the SI unit of electric current is named in his honour.

Carl Friederich Gauss (1777-1855)

German mathematician who is most famous for his discoveries in pure mathematics. Indeed, he has been dubbed the 'prince of mathematics'. However, he also made a number of important contributions to physics. He invented the magnetometer and with the German physicist Wilhelm Weber measured the intensity of magnetic forces. He also took Coulomb's famous inverse-square law for the electric field of a point charge and generalized it to an arbitrary charged distribution. This more general law is now known as Gauss's Law.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

English physicist who was one of the greatest experimentalists in the history of physics. This is remarkable as he had no formal training. Instead he learned about physics and chemistry by working as an assistant to Sir Humphrey Davy. Faraday made many important contributions to the study of electricity and magnetism, including the discovery of electromagnetic induction (now known as Faraday's Law), the invention of the electric motor, and the laws of electrolysis. The SI unit of capacitance is named after him.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

Scottish mathematician and physicist who, in the 1860s, took the laws of electricity and magnetism that had been discovered over the previous century or so, and united them into one theory called electromagnetism. This theory is neatly summarized in 4 simple equations known as Maxwell's equations. One consequence of this was the demonstration that light is an electromagnetic wave. Maxwell also developed the kinetic theory of gases, deriving the distribution of molecular speeds in a gas at a given temperature.

James Prescott Joule (1818-1889)

English physicist who made many meticulous experiments that demonstrated that heat and work are equivalent. Although he was not the first to do this, it was his demonstration that eventually came to be accepted. The SI unit of work is named in his honour.

William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)

British physicist who published many important papers on the conservation and dissipation of energy. Kelvin also made contributions to other branches of physics (such as fluid mechanics), and was in charge of laying the first successful transatlantic cable in 1866. The SI unit of absolute temperature is named after him.

Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906)

Austrian physicist who founded the branch of physics known as statistical mechanics, which involves describing large numbers of atoms using averages. He showed that the entropy of a system was a measure of how disordered it is, and that the amount of disorder in the Universe tends to increase.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

In 1905, Einstein published a paper on what he called the Special Theory of Relativity, which correctly describes the motion of particles travelling at speeds close to the speed of light. The theory is based upon the simple postulates that the laws of physics are the same for all inertial (i.e. non-accelerating) observers, and that the speed of light is the same for all inertial observers (regardless of their motion relative to the source of the light). This theory includes the famous formula E = mc2. He subsequently developed the General Theory of Relativity, which is effectively a theory of gravitation.

Einstein also contributed to the development of quantum theory. In 1905 he published a paper explaining the photoelectric effect, by postulating that light consists of particles (now known as photons). For this work, Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics.

Neils Bohr (1885-1962)

Danish physicist who, in 1913, developed a successful quantum theoretical model of the hydrogen atom. It was an extension of Rutherford's model of the atom, in which the electron orbits the nucleus. In particular, Bohr's model correctly predicted the frequencies of the spectral lines that had been observed by such men as Lyman, Balmer and Paschen. Bohr received the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physics for this work.

By the late 1920s, Bohr was very much regarded as an elder statesman of quantum theory. Many of the young physicists who made important discoveries in the early days of quantum mechanics studied under him at Copenhagen.

Louis de Broglie (1892-1987)

French physicist who, in 1923, proposed that all particles have wave-like properties (just as Einstein had shown that light has particle-like properties). He came up with this theory while working on his PhD. As it was such a radical idea, the examiners wrote to Einstein to ask his opinion. Einstein realized what a brilliant idea it was, and de Broglie got his PhD. De Broglie's theory was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics a few years later. For his work, de Broglie received the 1929 Nobel Prize for Physics. The wave-like nature of electrons was confirmed experimentally in the late 1920s when George Thomson and Clinton Davisson independently discovered electron diffraction. For this work they shared the 1937 Prize.

Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)

German physicist who, in 1925, created quantum mechanics. One important aspect of Heisenberg's theory was that it only dealt with properties of a system that can in theory be measured (for example, the frequency of the radiation emitted by a hydrogen atom). He said we cannot assign a position in space at a given time to the electron, nor can we follow an electron in its orbit. This means we cannot assume the orbits postulated by Bohr actually exist. Mechanical quantities such as position and velocity cannot be represented by ordinary numbers, but instead must be represented by matrices. As a result, Heisenberg's version of quantum mechanics is sometimes called matrix mechanics. The following year, the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli showed that Heisenberg's theory correctly predicted the hydrogen spectrum. In 1927 Heisenberg published his famous Uncertainty Principle, which states one cannot measure the position and momentum of a particle with arbitrary precision.

Heisenberg received the 1932 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on quantum mechanics.

Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961)

Austrian physicist who, in 1926, created a version of quantum mechanics that involved waves, rather than the somewhat abstract matrices of Heisenberg's theory. Schrödinger's theory also correctly predicted the hydrogen spectrum. In the same year, Schrödinger showed that his theory (sometimes called wave mechanics) is equivalent to Heisenberg's matrix mechanics. Schrödinger shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics with Paul Dirac for his work on quantum mechanics.

Answer 6

John Dalton (1766-1844)

Started as a lecturer, Sir John Dalton is one of the most famous chemists. His achievements include discovery of atoms, development of John Dalton's atomic theory and color blindness findings. He postulated that elements are made up of small atoms, which can neither be created nor destroyed. In his theory, it was mentioned that atoms of an element are similar to each other, but they differ from those of other elements.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907)

Leaf through the history of periodic table of elements and you will come across Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist. He was the creator of original periodic table, though various modifications have been made to it for better referencing. In the Mendeleev periodic table, 68 elements were arranged in increasing order of the atomic weight and similar properties. At that time, he already knew about the existence of other elements that were yet to be discovered.

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

Honored as the father of nuclear physics, Ernest Rutherford was a British-New Zealand chemist and physicist renowned for his discovery of half life in radioactive substances which is also referred to as radioactivity. In 1908, he received the Nobel Prize in chemistry. Following that, he postulated planetary model or Rutherford model for structure of an atom. He was the first chemist to try splitting of an atom and it's nucleus.

Marie Curie (1867-1934)

The term 'radioactivity' was coined by none other than the famous chemist and physicist, Marie Curie. She did her research work in radioactive isotopes and their isolation. She is also credited for discovery of radium and polonium. Her revolutionary discoveries are evident from the two Nobel prizes, which were awarded in 1903 (in physics) and 1911 (in chemistry). In fact, she was the first to be honored with two Nobel prizes.

Lorenzo Romano Avogadro (1776-1856)

Lorenzo Romano Avogadro is an Italian chemist, who started his career in Canon law and latter stated Avogadro's Law concerning the masses of gases. You might have already come across Avogadro constant, which is nothing but the number of particles (ions, atoms, molecules) present in 1 mole of the particular substance. The term 'Avogadro constant' is assigned in tribute to the contributions made by him in molecular chemistry.

Answer 7

Haber

Marie Curie

Robert Bunsen

Answer 8

Quite frankly, this is too vague of a question to answer fully, but a few are:

Robert Bunsen

Albert Hoffman

James Maxwell

Answer 9

Some examples are: Lavoisier, Berzelius, Mendeleev, Avogadro, Seaborg, Ramsay, Arrhenius, etc.

Answer 10

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