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The electrostatic force attracts the opposite charges.

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The number of missing or extra electrons within an atom's outer shell?

Valence electrons


What does the ( ) or (-) oxidation number tell you about an ion?

Its electric charge polarity. If (+) it is missing electrons, if (-) it has extra electrons.


What is a N-type material?

An N-type material is a type of semiconductor where silicon or germanium is doped with impurities such as phosphorus or arsenic to introduce free electrons into the material. These extra electrons give the material a negative electron charge, hence the "N" designation. N-type materials are commonly used in electronic devices like transistors and diodes.


How are atoms that are neutral in charge?

Atoms that are neutral in charge have the same quantity of protons and electrons. Negative ions have extra electrons, and positive ions are missing electrons.


In charging by rubbing electrons move from one material to another because?

some substances hold onto electrons tighter than other substances, so they get the extra electrons.


What is the concept of a hole in semiconductors?

A semiconductor material forms a crystal structure where all the valence electrons "participate" in forming the lattice. There are neither "extra" nor "missing" electrons in the structure. If we dope the semiconductor with a "P-type" material, this sets the stage for the creation of a "hole" in that matrix. The P-type material will have one less valence electron than our semiconductor material. And when that P-type atom becomes part of the crystal matrix, it lacks that one electron to make the matrix "complete" or "uniform" as regards the electrons. That creates the hole in the matrix. When that P-type material is formed up against N-type material (which has an "extra" electron in its matrix), that extra electron will leave the N-type material and migrate to the P-type material to fill that hole. This sets up a condition where charges have shifted, and it creates a difference of potential (voltage) across the junction (owing to the shift of the electrons).


Why do charges flow in wires?

Electronic charges will flow when a potential difference between the two locations, and an adequate path between them exists (with a low enough dielectric constant to allow the flow of charge - such as a wire). Electrons will move from here to there because there are "extra" electrons here, and there's some "missing" electrons there. Electrons have a specific charge. If you have "extra" electrons at one location relative to "missing" electrons at another location, you will have a negative voltage here, and a positive voltage (relative to here) there. This is called a potential difference (or voltage difference).


What do atoms missing electrons become?

Atoms missing electrons become positively charged ions. This is because they have more protons than electrons, resulting in a net positive charge. These ions are typically attracted to other atoms with extra electrons in order to achieve stability through forming chemical bonds.


In a normal atom how many electrons are there compared to protons?

In a "normal" atom, the number of electrons equal the number of protons. Many atoms, however, have missing or extra electrons, giving these atoms positive or negative charges, which we call ions.


What type of material conducts electricity?

materials that usually have an extra or unpaired electron in their outermost orbital of its atom conduct electricity


What are some physical properties of valence electrons?

The valence electrons influence many properties and characteristics of a material. The properties of a material which are influenced by the valence electrons are chemical properties, electrical conductivity, some mechanical properties, the nature of inter atomic bonding, atom size, and optical characteristics.


What charge is on a polythene rod?

A polythene rod can acquire a negative charge when it gains extra electrons through friction with another material.