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I suppose you know that C has 4 outer energy level electrons. Elements with few (1 or 2) electrons tend strongly to lose those electrons and form pos. ions. Elements with 6 or 7 outer electrons tend to gain electrons and form neg. ions. But C with 4 can be stable and in the free state... coal, graphite... but when it does form compounds its nucleus has an attraction for its own electrons so that it doesn't lose them and form pos. ions, but the nucleus isn't quite strong enough to a take electrons from other elements and form neg. ions. This tendency is referred to by chemists as electronegativity.

So in forming compounds it shares electrons and forms molecules. To get a full outer energy level with 8 electrons carbon must share its 4 outer electrons with other atoms so that they are sharing electrons as well and form 4 of these sharing bonds called covalent bonds by chemists.

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