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As we go down the Periodic Table the number of electron shells goes on increasing by 1 and the periods are numbered according to the number of shells present in the atom of elements in that period. The maximum number of electrons in a shell is given by the formula, e=2n2 (where, e-maximum no. of electrons; n-the nth shell counted from the nucleus). So, the 1st shell has maximum 2, the 2nd 8, 3rd 18 and so on. Every period starts with a new shell and as we go across the periods from left to right one by one electron goes on adding to the same shell. Thus the maximum no. of electrons for a shell is present in the last atom of that period and no. of elements in a period is equal to the maximum no. of electrons for that period. So, the number of elements in successive periods goes like 2, 8, 18, 32 and so on.

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