The octet rule does not apply to transition and inner transition metals and to the first for or five elements in the periodic table.
A chlorine ion with a stable arrangement of eight valence electrons is called a chloride ion (Cl-). It achieves this stable arrangement by gaining one electron from another atom to fill its outermost electron shell.
Cl-
An atom with five valence electrons can achieve a full set of eight valence electrons by either gaining three electrons (to reach a stable octet) or losing three electrons to have a stable arrangement. This would result in the atom forming an ionic bond, such as in the case of boron transferring three electrons to become the boride ion.
Boron tends to form molecules in which it is surrounded by only six valence electrons. Boron only has three valence electrons, and fluorine already has seven of the eight electrons it needs to fulfill its octet to be stable. Hope it helps!
The element with a stable 2 valence electrons is helium. Helium has a full outer electron shell with 2 electrons, making it very stable and unreactive.
stable electronic configuration
A chlorine ion with a stable arrangement of eight valence electrons is called a chloride ion (Cl-). It achieves this stable arrangement by gaining one electron from another atom to fill its outermost electron shell.
Cl-
Most atoms achieve a stable arrangement with eight valence electrons, a configuration known as the octet rule. This stability often occurs through bonding with other atoms, allowing them to either gain, lose, or share electrons to reach this desired state. However, exceptions exist, such as hydrogen and helium, which are stable with just two valence electrons.
8 valence electrons
An atom with five valence electrons can achieve a full set of eight valence electrons by either gaining three electrons (to reach a stable octet) or losing three electrons to have a stable arrangement. This would result in the atom forming an ionic bond, such as in the case of boron transferring three electrons to become the boride ion.
The most stable outer orbital arrangement of electrons is a full valence shell. This occurs when an atom has all its outermost energy level electrons filled. Elements strive to achieve the electron configuration of noble gases, which have a full outer shell of electrons and are considered to be very stable.
Boron tends to form molecules in which it is surrounded by only six valence electrons. Boron only has three valence electrons, and fluorine already has seven of the eight electrons it needs to fulfill its octet to be stable. Hope it helps!
An oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell, therefore it needs two more to have a stable configuration of 8 electrons. That's why the valence is two.
Helium is stable with 2 valence electrons. It has a full outer electron shell, making it chemically inert and stable.
A metal typically reacts to obtain an octet of valence electrons by losing its valence electrons. Metals have few valence electrons (usually 1 to 3) and a low electronegativity, making it energetically favorable for them to lose these electrons and achieve a stable electron configuration. By doing so, they become positively charged ions (cations) and can attain a stable electron arrangement similar to that of noble gases.
Neutral Carbon atoms contain 6 electrons and 6 protons 2 electrons are found in the 1st electron ring and 4 in the outer ring to reach a stable electron (8 in the outershell) arrangement carbon requires 4 covalent bonds to be formed