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Ruby is almost pure aluminum oxide (Al2O3, corundum), which exists as an infinite lattice of atoms. The structures of Cr2O3 and Al2O3 are sufficiently similar that the aluminum atoms in corundum can be replaced with chromium atoms. The proportion of chromium atoms in rubies is relatively small, however - typically less than 2% - but those few atoms cause an alteration in the electronic structure of the corundum that leads to the red colour that is typical of ruby.

There is a continuous composition of formula CrxAl2-xO3, from x=0 to x=2, which can be described as a solid solution of Cr2O3 in Al2O3. Ruby is a small part of this series, but that still makes it a solid solution.

Alternatively, it can be described as Al2O3 with Chromium in partial occupancy at the Aluminium sites.

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