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The slots in the rotor of an induction motor are filled with copper or aluminum because those copper or aluminum filled slots are conductors. They constitute multiple one-turn Transformers, setting up an induced magnetic field, induced from the field windings, that creates a differential magnetic flux, i.e. a torque, that causes the rotor to turn.

This has little to do with the fact that the field windings are pulsing from the AC current, because the rotor "windings" are pulsing in turn - what is happening is that the rotor and field "windings" attract or repel each other as a function of their distance from each other, which is related to slippage induced by torque.

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