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An interesting piece of historical chemistry. Carbonate has a valance of -2. Calcium has a valance of +2. When we talk of Cacium Carbonate we have a 1:1 ratio of Calcium to Carbon. Bicarbonate has a valance of -1 so when we combined Bicarbonate with Cacium we need two Bicarbonate ions to satisfy one Calcium ion therefore we have a ratio of 2:1 Calcium to Carbon. So the name, you see, refers not to the ion itself but to the quantities needed to satify chemical equations when compared to carbonate. It isn't rigorous science but back in the early 18th century they didn't do things all that rigorously.

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