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This is an extremely broad question. Technically 'rust' only occurs when a metal (typically iron) reacts with oxygen, however colloquially any chemical decay of a metal due to exposure to the elements or age is typically referred to as rust.

Water affects the process by providing oxygen for the metal to rust with. Many other elements with oxygen and hydrogen in them cause similar reactions. Traditionally, a thin layer of oil is applied to metal when there is a fear of rust. Because oil and water don't really mix, the layer of oil prevents the water from coming into contact with the metal. There are many other liquids (hydrogen peroxide, for example) that can affect the process of rust, but it would be impossible to name them all. In general, water and many chemicals with hydrogen and oxygen present can cause rust. It's worth noting that fires cause rust because a typical biproduct of fire is water vapor, and the high temperatures accelerate the rate of the reaction.

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