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What is Point of contraflexure?
A point of contra flexure occurs where the bending moment in a beam changes its sign (i.e. from +ve to -ve or -ve to +ve) So, obviously at the point of contraflexure the bending moment is zero. But note that the bending moment can be zero without changing its sign. So, at the point of contraflexure the bending moment has to be zero and the bending moment must change its sign as well.
What is absolute maximum bending moment?
bending moment varies with the distance & the load carried by the beam. And also there is a hogging behavior and a sagging behavior occurs in the beam. According to the sign convention hogging and sagging bears opposite signs.(- & +). So if we are asked to find the maximum bending moment whether it is sagging or hogging we should consider the maximum value without considering the sign. That value is called maximum absolute bending moment.
Why shear is not considered in design of columns?
shear is not critical in designing normal columns (3-5 meter height). but in short columns (Pedestals) around 1meter height or less, shear would be more critical rather than moment or axial force. this also happens for beams less than two meter length in moment resistant frames.
Can a Charged Felon be a licensed Professional Engineer in Texas?
If were going to exclued people who have been into drugs at some point in their life, then we will be excluding some the most creative, and in some aspects the most intelligent, members of our species from a profession that should embrace such. We will also be denying people who have a high neuro-physiological need for stimulation and reward from the very thing that will correct their desire for drug taking behavior. Our laws are sometimes based in evolutionary ignorance.
What is necking of concrete?
Necking of concrete refers to the localized reduction in cross-sectional area that occurs in a concrete specimen under tensile stress. This phenomenon typically happens before failure and is characterized by a noticeable narrowing at a specific point, indicating that the material is reaching its ultimate tensile strength. Necking can lead to cracking and eventual failure of the concrete, making it an important consideration in structural design and analysis. Understanding this behavior helps in predicting the performance and durability of concrete structures under load.
Which reinforcement schedule produces the fastest extinction rate?
A continuous reinforcement schedule typically leads to the fastest extinction rate. This is because the behavior is consistently reinforced, so when the reinforcement is removed, the behavior decreases rapidly.
What are some schedules of reinforcement?
There are two kinds of reinforcement schedules. The first is continuous reinforcement where desired behavior is reinforced every time. The second schedule is partial reinforcement where a response is reinforced part of the time. Within partial reinforcement, there are four schedules which include fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, and fixed-interval and variable- interval.
Why are partial reinforcement more effective than a continuous reinforcement schedule?
Partial reinforcement is more effective than continuous reinforcement because it creates a stronger resistance to extinction. When reinforcement is not given consistently, the behavior becomes more persistent as the individual continues to anticipate the reward. This leads to longer-lasting behavior change compared to continuous reinforcement, where the behavior may extinguish more quickly when the reward is removed.
Difference between extinguished behavior and intermittent reinforcement of a behavior?
Extinction (in classical conditioning) is the reduction of a learned response that occurs because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Also, the procedure of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. Intermittent reinforcement of behavior is a schedule of reinforcement in which only some of the occurrences of the instrumental response are reinforced. The instrumental response is reinforced occasionally, or intermittently.
Which reinforcement schedule reward a behavior every time it occurs?
A continuous reinforcement schedule rewards a behavior every time it occurs. This type of schedule is effective for quickly establishing and maintaining a new behavior.
What is an operant behavior that removes an unpleasant stimulus?
An operant behavior that removes an unpleasant stimulus is negative reinforcement. This occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus, increasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future.
A behavior is effectively being reinforced Will it increase in frequency?
Yes, if a behavior is being effectively reinforced, it is likely to increase in frequency because the individual is receiving some form of reward or positive consequence for displaying that behavior. This positive reinforcement increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future.
What is a reinforcement schedule that results in consistently high productivity?
A continuous reinforcement schedule, where a reward is given every time a desired behavior occurs, can lead to consistently high productivity. This helps in maintaining motivation and reinforcement of the behavior.
What is the reinforcement theory based on?
Reinforcement theory is based on the relationship between behavior and its consequences. In the workplace, reinforcement can be applied to change or modify on-the-job behavior through incentives and rewards.
The reinforcement of each and every correct response is?
The reinforcement of each and every correct response is essential for increasing the likelihood of the desired behavior being repeated in the future. It strengthens the connection between the behavior and the positive outcome, making it more likely that the individual will continue to engage in that behavior.
What is the overall effect of delay of reinforcement?
The overall effect of delay of reinforcement is that it can weaken the association between a behavior and its consequence, making it less effective in reinforcing that behavior. When reinforcement is delayed, the individual may not link the behavior with the reward, leading to confusion and potentially diminishing motivation. This phenomenon is particularly evident in learning contexts, where immediate reinforcement is often more effective in establishing and maintaining desired behaviors. Delayed reinforcement can also lead to frustration or reduced engagement in the behavior being reinforced.
What produces the most steady rate of response?
A continuous reinforcement schedule typically produces the most steady rate of response, as the reinforcement is delivered every time the desired behavior occurs. This leads to a consistent and predictable pattern of behavior.
