pH stands for "potential Hydrogen". In the field of civil engineering, pH is a factor that is considered in corrosion control, coagulation and water softening. All the pH related processes are controlled by civil engineers. pH test is beneficial to check the A controlled value of pH is desired in water supplies, sewage treatment and chemical process plants.
Beneficial uses in Civil Engineering (for other uses, see link below) # Flocculant - small doses added early in processing surface waters helps natural compounds in the water act as flocculants. # Oxidant - added at any step, it serves to oxidize soluble metals to (usually) insoluble states, and organic molecules such as MIB and geosmin to a state where BAC can consume them... removing / reducing common precursors for THM and HAA formation. Bromate production discussed below. # Sterilant - added after initial processing, it will kill any non-colony-forming or non-slime-forming organism faster and/or at lower doses than chlorine. Things to watch for: # Ozone is not the entire "swiss army knife" of water treatment. # Ozone off gas must be contained. (Ozone destructors are available.) # Ozone is corrosive to steel, uncoated ductile iron, most common gasket materials, and most paints. Concrete is unaffected by the presence of ozone. # Ozone capital equipment is higher than regular chemical feed, but payback can be short (even with power included). # Ozone requires more maintenance than standard chemical feed. # Ozone decays naturally in water in minutes (well or surface water) to hours (ultrapure). # Ozone survives about 1 cm or less into carbon filter beds, or even DE or sand filter beds. Adverse effects of ozone # The EPA has declared that the bromate ion is a "potential human carcinogen". Ozone converts natural bromide ion found in some water sources to bromate, requiring monitoring and control. The effective elements are: bromide present+, pH-, ozone dose * time in contact+, contaminants- (+ means increase in this increase bromate production, and - the opposite). Note that all chemical oxidizers can, in the presence of visible light, produce bromate from bromide ion... not just ozone. # Ozone cannot be used as the secondary sterilant (added to water-to-distribution). Not only will it tend to damage common distribution system materials, but it will decay back to oxygen, leaving the balance of the distribution system unprotected from infection (or sustained colonization).
It depends on the design life [50 -75 years?], the environmental & service conditions, and preventative maintenance practices. Concrete is thought of as being permanent strong and very durable. In actuality it is a very complex, thermodynamically unstable and chemically reactive building material that continues to cure and become stronger for years. It is also vulnerable to many external influences! To obtain maximum life cycle [make it last] there are dozens of protective measures that can be taken to make it Green. An understanding that concretes absorb water and expel internal chemistry for years is paramount to obtaining a long life. That drop of water you put on the surface was absorbed into the interior through the Gel-Pore / Capillary System, present in all concretes. This path is formed when water in the mix comes to the surface during the initial set/curing phase [Bleed Water]. After curing, it's hard, we walk and drive on it, but water we put on the surface is absorbed back into it. This moisture carries contaminates: salts, acidic compounds and carbon dioxide to the interior. Lowering the High pH around steel reinforcement to a point that corrosion cells begin to form on the embedded steel in the matrix. Internal chemistry allowed to migrate out to the atmosphere on the surface results in several deleterious conditions. ASR, efflorescence, ettringite are a few! This is also what blisters or "Burns" a coating off in a very short time. A paint designed to protect the concrete, doesn't stand a chance if alkali is coming to the surface to compromise the bond! First step in obtaining a long lasting concrete is to Stabilize It by waterproofing, to fill the microscopic voids in the capillary system. Nothing going in and nothing coming out of it is a Great Start. In reducing Moisture and Oxygen content inside a concrete, you have eliminated two of the four conditions needed for corrosion to commence. A stabilized concrete will give longevity to this very volatile building material, make it Green and prolong it's service life substantially. Answer is: " It Depends On How You Treat It!"
In the field of water supplies, it is a factor that must be considered in chemical coagulation, disinfection, water softening and corrosion control. In waste water treatment processes pH must be controlled with in range favorable to particular organisms. All these processes are controlled by environmental engineers.
The pH is a measure of the acidity/basicity of a solution.
pH determination is a test for acidity/basicity.
application of pH sensor?
An ideal pH doesn't exist; this depends on the application.
You can test pH levels using pH test strips, a pH meter, or pH drops. Simply dip the test strip into the solution, or submerge the meter's probe, or add a few drops of the liquid to a small sample. The color change or reading will indicate the pH level of the solution.
To perform an at-home pH test, you can use pH test strips or a pH meter. For test strips, simply dip them into the substance and compare the color change to a chart to determine the pH level. For a pH meter, follow the manufacturer's instructions to measure the pH of the substance accurately.
You can use a pH paper.
To test the pH of a strong acid, you can use a pH meter or pH test strips. Make sure to handle the acid carefully and wear appropriate protective equipment. Dip the pH meter probe into the acid or dip the pH test strip into the acid and compare the color change to the pH color chart to determine the pH level.
This depends on the application.
The pH test paper is used to detrmine the pH; immerse a piece of paper in the solution and compare with the color scale.
To test the pH of water, you can use a pH test strip or a digital pH meter. Simply dip the test strip into the water and compare the color to the provided chart, or insert the digital pH meter into the water to get a numerical pH reading. Make sure you follow the instructions provided with the testing kit for accurate results.