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Calculate quantity of steel in building?
Quantity of steel in building is calculated in many method. many engineer use to quantify the quantity of steel in a building by referring to detailed planned so they can compute the approximate weight of steel needed.
What is chain surveying?
Chain surveying, also known as linear surveying, is a basic method of land surveying used to measure and map small and relatively flat areas. It is a simple and traditional technique that involves the use of chains or tapes to measure distances and basic instruments to measure angles. Chain surveying is often used for small-scale surveys such as creating maps for agricultural fields, small plots, or subdivisions. Here's how chain surveying works: 1. Measurement of Distances: In chain surveying, distances are measured using chains (typically 66 feet or 100 feet) or steel tapes. These chains or tapes are laid out along the linear features of the land being surveyed, such as property boundaries or roads. The total distance is obtained by chaining together multiple segments. 2. Measurement of Angles: Basic angles can be measured using a compass, theodolite, or other simple instruments. These angles are used to determine the direction of the surveyed lines and to calculate the layout of the land. 3. Stations and Offsets: The surveyed area is divided into smaller segments called "stations." At each station, measurements are taken to locate nearby features or boundaries, and perpendicular lines known as "offsets" are measured to mark points of interest. 4. Plotting: The data collected during the survey is used to create a scaled drawing or map of the surveyed area. The positions of boundaries, features, and angles are plotted on the map to create an accurate representation of the land. Advantages of Chain Surveying: **Simplicity:** Chain surveying is straightforward and requires minimal equipment and training. **Accuracy:** In relatively small and flat areas, chain surveying can provide accurate measurements for basic mapping purposes. **Low Cost:** It is a cost-effective method, making it suitable for smaller projects with limited budgets. Limitations of Chain Surveying: **Limited Coverage:** Chain surveying is not suitable for large or complex areas, as it becomes challenging to maintain accuracy over extended distances or rugged terrains. **Human Errors:** The accuracy of measurements in chain surveying can be affected by human errors, such as miscounting chain links or inaccurate readings. **Lack of Precision:** Chain surveying may not provide the level of precision required for detailed engineering projects or high-precision mapping. In modern surveying, more advanced methods such as total stations, GPS, and aerial surveys have largely replaced chain surveying for larger and more complex projects. However, chain surveying remains a valuable technique for smaller-scale surveys and in situations where advanced technology is not readily available or necessary.
What are inverted sights in surveying?
In surveying, the term "inverted sights" refers to a method of taking measurements using a leveling instrument, such as a theodolite or a total station. It involves a specific orientation of the instrument and the sighting process. When taking normal (direct) sights, the surveyor looks through the telescope of the instrument and aligns the crosshairs on a target or benchmark located at a higher elevation than the instrument. This is the typical method used in most surveying situations. However, in certain situations where the target or benchmark is at a lower elevation than the instrument, the surveyor needs to use inverted sights. In such cases, the surveyor flips the telescope of the instrument upside down, and the sighting process is conducted with the instrument in this inverted position. This allows the surveyor to aim at the target or benchmark located at a lower elevation. The use of inverted sights is necessary when surveying situations such as: Taking readings across a deep valley or gorge where the target point is at a lower elevation. Surveying steep slopes or cliffs where the instrument is set up at a higher elevation than the target point. Conducting surveys in tunnels or other confined spaces where the target is located below the instrument. During the use of inverted sights, the surveyor needs to take certain precautions to ensure accuracy. These precautions may include adjusting the leveling of the instrument, compensating for the inverted image, and accounting for any parallax or errors introduced by the inverted sighting process. Inverted sights are a specialized technique used in specific surveying scenarios where the target or benchmark is at a lower elevation than the instrument. By employing this method, surveyors can accurately measure height differences and obtain reliable survey data in challenging terrain or confined spaces.
What are the advantages and disadvantages in theodolite surveying?
Advantages of Theodolite Greater accuracy Internal magnifying optical system Horizontal circle can b instantly zeroed r set 2 any other value
What is temporary benchmark in surveying?
A temporary benchmark in surveying is a control point that is set by a surveyor to base other points off of. They will assign it an elevation, and other points that are surveyed off of that point will have a relative elevation rather than an absolute elevation.It has no relevance to property lines, right-of-ways, or other surveyed features, and is only used to complete the survey.
What are the object of surveying explain the basic principles of surveying?
The main objects of surveying are to determine the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface and to measure distances, angles, and elevations accurately. The basic principles of surveying involve understanding and applying concepts like accuracy, precision, measurements of distances and angles, leveling, and use of surveying instruments to gather data for mapping and construction projects. It is essential to follow standardized procedures and techniques to ensure reliable and consistent results in surveying work.
Elementary surveying by jun la putt?
"Elementary Surveying" by Jun la Putt is a comprehensive introductory guide to surveying principles and techniques. It covers topics such as measurements, field survey methods, and the use of surveying equipment. The book is suitable for students, professionals, and anyone looking to learn the basics of surveying.
What has the author Edouard Gaston Deville written?
Edouard Gaston Deville has written: 'Examples of astronomic and geodetic calculations for the use of land surveyors' -- subject(s): Accessible book, Surveying 'Photographic surveying' -- subject(s): Photographic surveying
How do you use Principle of surveying in your practical exam?
In a practical exam for surveying, you would apply the principles of surveying such as accuracy, precision, and error minimization to ensure that your measurements are reliable. You would use instruments like total stations or GPS systems to measure distances and angles accurately, and follow proper surveying procedures to establish control points and collect data in the field. Additionally, you would analyze and display your survey data using software like AutoCAD or GIS to create maps and drawings.
What are the roles of Surveying and Mapping in Land Policy?
Surveying and mapping play crucial roles in land policy by providing accurate data on land boundaries, ownership, and use. This data is essential for effective land management, urban planning, environmental conservation, and infrastructure development. By ensuring accurate and up-to-date information, surveying and mapping help governments make informed decisions and policies related to land use and development.
Why do surveyors use theodolites?
Surveyors use theodolites to measure angles in the horizontal and vertical planes with high accuracy. This allows them to determine directions and elevations of various points on the land they are surveying. The data collected from theodolites is essential for creating maps, construction projects, boundary delineation, and other surveying applications.
What is the principle of compass surveying?
The prismatic compass is a type of compass use for survering a land.
What type of quantitative research methodology would be best if you are interested in the surveying principals and grade level teachers to determine their readiness to use data?
Its because it's your mom
What has the author William David Pence written?
William David Pence has written: 'A manual of field and office methods for use of students in surveying' -- subject(s): Handbooks, manuals, Surveying 'Surveying Manual ; a Surveying'
What has the author James Clendinning written?
James Clendinning has written: 'Principles and use of surveying instruments' -- subject(s): Instruments, Surveying
What is use of analytic lens?
analatic lens is surveying practical
What is the Difference between cash book and ledger?
Day book is the book which we use to record day today record,but Ledger is a book in which we keep classified data
