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A data book is a ready reckoner of formulae of geometrical properties of various shapes used in quantity surveying. It also gives equations used in the calculation of quantities such as Simpson's rule for calculation of earthwork.
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What is chain surveying?
Chain surveying, also known as linear surveying, is a basic method of land surveying used to measure and map small and relatively flat areas. It is a simple and traditional technique that involves the use of chains or tapes to measure distances and basic instruments to measure angles. Chain surveying is often used for small-scale surveys such as creating maps for agricultural fields, small plots, or subdivisions. Here's how chain surveying works: 1. Measurement of Distances: In chain surveying, distances are measured using chains (typically 66 feet or 100 feet) or steel tapes. These chains or tapes are laid out along the linear features of the land being surveyed, such as property boundaries or roads. The total distance is obtained by chaining together multiple segments. 2. Measurement of Angles: Basic angles can be measured using a compass, theodolite, or other simple instruments. These angles are used to determine the direction of the surveyed lines and to calculate the layout of the land. 3. Stations and Offsets: The surveyed area is divided into smaller segments called "stations." At each station, measurements are taken to locate nearby features or boundaries, and perpendicular lines known as "offsets" are measured to mark points of interest. 4. Plotting: The data collected during the survey is used to create a scaled drawing or map of the surveyed area. The positions of boundaries, features, and angles are plotted on the map to create an accurate representation of the land. Advantages of Chain Surveying: **Simplicity:** Chain surveying is straightforward and requires minimal equipment and training. **Accuracy:** In relatively small and flat areas, chain surveying can provide accurate measurements for basic mapping purposes. **Low Cost:** It is a cost-effective method, making it suitable for smaller projects with limited budgets. Limitations of Chain Surveying: **Limited Coverage:** Chain surveying is not suitable for large or complex areas, as it becomes challenging to maintain accuracy over extended distances or rugged terrains. **Human Errors:** The accuracy of measurements in chain surveying can be affected by human errors, such as miscounting chain links or inaccurate readings. **Lack of Precision:** Chain surveying may not provide the level of precision required for detailed engineering projects or high-precision mapping. In modern surveying, more advanced methods such as total stations, GPS, and aerial surveys have largely replaced chain surveying for larger and more complex projects. However, chain surveying remains a valuable technique for smaller-scale surveys and in situations where advanced technology is not readily available or necessary.
Calculate quantity of steel in building?
Quantity of steel in building is calculated in many method. many engineer use to quantify the quantity of steel in a building by referring to detailed planned so they can compute the approximate weight of steel needed.
What are inverted sights in surveying?
In surveying, the term "inverted sights" refers to a method of taking measurements using a leveling instrument, such as a theodolite or a total station. It involves a specific orientation of the instrument and the sighting process. When taking normal (direct) sights, the surveyor looks through the telescope of the instrument and aligns the crosshairs on a target or benchmark located at a higher elevation than the instrument. This is the typical method used in most surveying situations. However, in certain situations where the target or benchmark is at a lower elevation than the instrument, the surveyor needs to use inverted sights. In such cases, the surveyor flips the telescope of the instrument upside down, and the sighting process is conducted with the instrument in this inverted position. This allows the surveyor to aim at the target or benchmark located at a lower elevation. The use of inverted sights is necessary when surveying situations such as: Taking readings across a deep valley or gorge where the target point is at a lower elevation. Surveying steep slopes or cliffs where the instrument is set up at a higher elevation than the target point. Conducting surveys in tunnels or other confined spaces where the target is located below the instrument. During the use of inverted sights, the surveyor needs to take certain precautions to ensure accuracy. These precautions may include adjusting the leveling of the instrument, compensating for the inverted image, and accounting for any parallax or errors introduced by the inverted sighting process. Inverted sights are a specialized technique used in specific surveying scenarios where the target or benchmark is at a lower elevation than the instrument. By employing this method, surveyors can accurately measure height differences and obtain reliable survey data in challenging terrain or confined spaces.
What are the advantages and disadvantages in theodolite surveying?
Advantages of Theodolite Greater accuracy Internal magnifying optical system Horizontal circle can b instantly zeroed r set 2 any other value
What is temporary benchmark in surveying?
A temporary benchmark in surveying refers to a point or mark established temporarily on the ground to serve as a reference for elevation measurements during a specific surveying operation. It is used as a reference point from which the elevations of other points are measured. Temporary benchmarks are often used in field surveys and construction projects where accurate elevation data is needed but where permanent benchmarks may not be practical or necessary. Here's how temporary benchmarks are typically used in surveying: **Establishment:** A temporary benchmark is usually set up by placing a temporary object such as a wooden stake, metal rod, or other easily visible marker at a specific location on the ground. This location is chosen based on its accessibility and its relevance to the survey. **Elevation Measurement:** Surveyors use leveling instruments, such as a level or a total station, to measure the difference in elevation between the temporary benchmark and other points of interest in the survey area. **Reference Point:** The temporary benchmark becomes the reference point for all elevation measurements in that particular survey. The elevation of the benchmark itself may be known or determined through previous surveys or by leveling techniques. **Removal:** Once the survey is complete, the temporary benchmark may be removed, as it was established for that specific surveying operation. However, it's essential to document its location and elevation for future reference if needed. Temporary benchmarks are used for various purposes, including construction site grading, drainage design, land development, and topographic mapping. While they provide a convenient and efficient way to establish elevation references for a specific project, they are temporary by nature and may not have the long-term stability or accuracy of permanent benchmarks. It's important to note that the accuracy and reliability of any benchmark, whether temporary or permanent, impact the overall quality of the survey data. Therefore, surveyors follow specific procedures to ensure that benchmarks are correctly established and their elevations accurately determined.
Elementary surveying by jun la putt?
"Elementary Surveying" by Jun la Putt is a comprehensive introductory guide to surveying principles and techniques. It covers topics such as measurements, field survey methods, and the use of surveying equipment. The book is suitable for students, professionals, and anyone looking to learn the basics of surveying.
What has the author Edouard Gaston Deville written?
Edouard Gaston Deville has written: 'Examples of astronomic and geodetic calculations for the use of land surveyors' -- subject(s): Accessible book, Surveying 'Photographic surveying' -- subject(s): Photographic surveying
What are the roles of Surveying and Mapping in Land Policy?
Surveying and mapping play crucial roles in land policy by providing accurate data on land boundaries, ownership, and use. This data is essential for effective land management, urban planning, environmental conservation, and infrastructure development. By ensuring accurate and up-to-date information, surveying and mapping help governments make informed decisions and policies related to land use and development.
What type of quantitative research methodology would be best if you are interested in the surveying principals and grade level teachers to determine their readiness to use data?
Its because it's your mom
What is the principle of compass surveying?
The prismatic compass is a type of compass use for survering a land.
What has the author William David Pence written?
William David Pence has written: 'A manual of field and office methods for use of students in surveying' -- subject(s): Handbooks, manuals, Surveying 'Surveying Manual ; a Surveying'
What has the author James Clendinning written?
James Clendinning has written: 'Principles and use of surveying instruments' -- subject(s): Instruments, Surveying
What is use of analytic lens?
analatic lens is surveying practical
What has the author James Warren Bagley written?
James Warren Bagley has written: 'The use of the panoramic camera in topographic surveying' -- subject(s): Aerial photogrammetry, Geodesia Geometrica, Panoramic Photography, Photogrammetry, Topographical surveying 'The Use of the Panoramic Camera in Topographic Surveying: With Notes on the ..'
What is the Difference between cash book and ledger?
Day book is the book which we use to record day today record,but Ledger is a book in which we keep classified data
What has the author Ira Osborn Baker written?
Ira Osborn Baker has written: 'Engineers' surveying instruments, their construction, adjustment, and use' -- subject(s): Accessible book, Instruments, Surveying 'A treatise on roads and pavements' 'A treatise on masonry construction' 'A treatise on roads and pavements' -- subject(s): Accessible book, Pavements, Roads 'Leveling' -- subject(s): Accessible book, Leveling 'A Treatise on Masonry Construction' 'A treatise on roads and pavements'
Can the son use his mother's credit card data after her death to book for an airline?
no he cannot
