If you refer to the British 1 Penny and 2 Pence coins, they are currently made from copper-plated steel.
For copper or some copper alloys coins the coating is hydrated copper carbonate.
The copper coating on a 1 cent coin is to protect the underlying metal, typically zinc, from corrosion. Copper is more resistant to oxidation and wear, which helps to extend the lifespan of the coin in circulation.
The black coating on an old coin is typically referred to as patina, which is a thin layer of oxidation that forms on the surface of metal over time. It can consist of various compounds depending on the metal composition of the coin, such as copper sulfides or oxides.
Very little. US one cent coins are made of zinc with a thin copper coating.
This is because modern pennies are not entirely copper, they are nickel with a copper coating.
This coin could be a coin with a 'Lamination' error, if so it could be worth as much as $18.00.
The black coating that forms on the surface of copper is called copper oxide.
Pennies are currently made mostly of zinc with a thin copper coating. This change was made in the early 1980s to save money, as zinc is cheaper than copper. The copper coating gives the penny its traditional appearance.
If a copper coin is stored in silver nitrate, a chemical reaction will occur where the copper will react with the silver nitrate to form copper nitrate and silver metal. This reaction results in the silver coating the copper coin, giving it a silver appearance due to the deposition of silver metal on its surface.
US one cent pieces in 2003 (indeed, since the middle of 1982) were made of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper. The copper is in a thin coating on the outside of a zinc core, so the coin still appears to be copper in color.
The steel coating on the 1943 penny was implemented due to the shortage of copper during World War II. Copper was needed for making ammunition and other war supplies, so the U.S. Mint switched to using zinc-coated steel for pennies that year.
The black coating on an 1890 coin is likely silver sulfide, which forms due to the reaction of silver with sulfur in the environment, leading to tarnishing. Silver sulfide gives the coin a black appearance and is a common occurrence in silver coins that have not been properly stored.