every 2 seconds, BPDUs are sent out from all active bridge ports by default.
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A broadcast ID, often referred to as a broadcast address, is a special network address used to send data packets to all devices within a specific subnet or network segment. Instead of targeting individual IP addresses, packets sent to the broadcast address are received by all devices on that network, facilitating communication and data sharing. In IPv4 addressing, the broadcast address is typically the highest address in a subnet. For example, in the subnet 192.168.1.0/24, the broadcast address would be 192.168.1.255.
Letters can be sent to an address.
A basic communications system consists of---------- 1.Two computers, one to send and one to receive data 2.communications devices that send and receive data 3. a communications channel over wich data is sent 4.All of the above
When on the 'Inbox' page on your left there are three tabs: -Messages -Updates -Sent Click on 'Sent'.
It depends on what you are trying to say; each of those options is correct for a particular meaning.John has sent applications to six universities.Before she found a job, Mary had sent résumés to 28 companies.
2 seconds
Hubs are dumb devices that operate at the hardware layer of the network only. They basically function like an old party line phone system where everything that gets transmitted is sent to every port on the hub and all the connected devices ignore transmissions not sent to them. Hubs are simply not sophisticated enough to offer services and protocols such as DHCP, DNS or any other network protocols themselves. Devices that do offer DHCP are typically routers, some layer 3 switches or servers.
The OSI layer that handles IP addresses is the Network layer, which is the third layer of the OSI model. This layer is responsible for routing packets across different networks and managing logical addressing, such as IP addresses, to ensure that data can be sent and received between devices on different networks. Additionally, it facilitates the selection of optimal paths for data transmission.
Yes, broadcasts can occur at the Layer 2 level in a network using Ethernet. The MAC address used for broadcast is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF, which signifies that the frame should be sent to all devices on the local network segment. When a device sends a frame with this MAC address, all devices within the same broadcast domain will receive and process the frame.
I think PDR= Packets Received / Packets Sent Packets sent/received values should be from same layer. i.e. all from application layer or network layer...etc
A device that allows information to traverse different networks. Generally these are Layer 3 devices and a router is a perfect example of an internetworking device. A (basic) switch is NOT an internetworking device because information cannot be sent to a different network.
Transport (Layer 4)
This is an digital device that can respond to messages sent from many similar devices. For example, computers in a network.
There are various satellites which monitor the ozone layer. Most of these are sent by NASA.
A non-unicast packet is a type of network packet that is not sent to a single specific destination address. Instead, it can be sent to multiple devices simultaneously, as seen in broadcasting (where packets are sent to all devices on a network) or multicasting (where packets are sent to a specific group of devices). This type of packet allows for more efficient use of network resources when the same data needs to be delivered to multiple recipients.
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By layer, I am assuming you are talking about either the OSI 7 layer model or the TCP/IP 4 layer model. A router is fairly complex and provides services at 3 of the OSI model layers and 2 of the TCP/IP model layers. In the OSI model a router handles the Network Layer. In the TCP/IP model this layer is called the Internet Layer. It changes logical addresses to machine addresses and then finds paths (routes) to the destination node. It may break up the data into smaller parts for transmission or reassembling data received. There is no verification of successful transmission. A router also maintains a list of nodes that it is immediately connected to (computers, smart TV, Xbox, ...). Data segments from higher layers is converted to datagrams. Datagrams received from lower layers are translated into data segments. The router establishes a Data Link Layer to all devices it is immediately connected to . This layer provide reliable communication and can detect and sometimes correct errors at the Physical Layer. The datagrams received from the Network Layer are converted into data frames and sent to the Physical layer. Data frames received from the physical layer are converted into datagrams and sent to the Network Layer. The router also provides Physical Link Layer connections to all devices immediately connected to it. This is physical and electrical characteristics of the communication media (wire, fiber, wireless, ...). This is where the signals are negotiated like speed, timing, pin layout, voltages, ... After negotiation the physical layer is responsible for actual transmission of data over the line. Data frames received from the Data Link Layer are converted to bits and sent to the remote node. Bits received from the remote node are converted into data frames and sent to the Data Link Layer. The Data Link Layer and the Physical Layer are called the Link Layer in the TCP/IP model.