The satellite transponder typically works in either the C-band (4-8GHz) or the Ku-band (12-18GHz) and these are for the downlink (from the satellite to the earth station).
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In cellphones, communications takes place via radio waves to a satellite, or via an underground cable network.
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There are many possible solutions to barriers of effective communication. You should first diagnose the reason for the communication barrier.
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The first Indian communication satellite was named "Rohini" and it was launched on April 19, 1980. It was part of the INSAT series of satellites and played a key role in revolutionizing communication and broadcasting services in India.
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Why Fresnel zone affecting satellite and ground communication?
Com = Communication, Sat = Satellite
Research or propaganda. Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite in space. Extreemly expensive propaganda! It was the first step by the USSR to putting a man in space.
Way back in the 1960's. The first communication satellite - Telstar - was launched on October 27th 1962.
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INSAT-1A was India's first communication cum weather satellite, launched in 1982.