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Local area networks can come in two forms (or architectures), peer-to-peer networking and server-based networking. Each have their advantages and disadvantages and may be used in different situations.

Peer-to-peer networkingIn peer-to-peer networking each computer has an equal status, each can use resources such as printers and scanners from other workstations and can commuicate with the other workstations without going through a server. Peer-to-peer networking is best used when there are only a small group of computers which do not require regular access to the data stored on the other work stations. Advantages
  • Easy to set up and maintain
  • Inexpensive
  • Will continue to operate if one of the workstations or resources malfunctions
Disadvantages
  • Because the files are stored locally on each workstation they can only be accessed by others when that workstation is turned on.
  • No central control over security or backups. Every resource and workstation may have a different password.
  • Only works well with a small number of computers
Server-based networkingAs the name suggests server-based networking is a network where resources, files and security are all handled by dedicated servers. Such systems often require specialist software such as network operating systems and hardware such as print servers. Advantages
  • Can easily cope with thousands of users.
  • Backup, security and account control are all central.
  • Software can be shared between the computers.
Disadvantages
  • If one of the servers go down all the users are affected and it may even bring the whole network down.
  • More expensive to setup and maintain.
Client-server arhitectureDevices on a server-based network are referred to as either clients or servers (the client-server arghitecture). Clients, such as computers, make requests for services like the use of a printer and servers handle the client requests. This is in contrast to a peer-to-peer network where the workstations act as both clients and servers. For example one computer in a peer-to-peer network may act as client and send a request for a text document stored on another computer whilst at the same time acting as a server by handling a request to print a document from a third computer.
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