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E1 support bit rate of 2.048 Mbps and contains 30 no of DSOs.
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Difference between pri and leased line?
Leased lines are basicaly a data link / line, which is dedicated for data transmission between registered end to end network for enterprise users where as, PRI (Primary Rate Interface) is one of the service which is used by ISDN connection .It uses channel wise data transmission between the networks.The Primary Rate Interface consists of 23 B-channels and one 64 Kpbs D-channel using a T-1 line or 30 B-channels and 1 D-channel using an E1 line. Thus, a Primary Rate Interface user on a T-1 line can have up to 1.544 Mbps service or up to 2.048 Mbps service on an E1 line.
Drawbacks of Lamport logical clock?
Lamport's clock does'nt ensure that if L(e1)<L(e2) e1->e2
Consider a simple symmetric encryption algorithm as follows 1- input text t and 64 bit key k 2- divide t into 64 bit size blocks b1.bn 3- get first block b1 and perform bit-wise xor with k to?
1- Input text T and 64 bit key K and initialization vector IV 2- Divide T into 64 bit size blocks B1...Bn 3- Get the first block B1 and perform bit-wise XOR with IV to produce scrambled plaintext 4- Get the scrambled plaintext and encrypt with K with DES to produce encrypted block E1 5- Repeat a. Get next block Bi and perform bit-wise XOR with Ei-1 to produce scrambled plaintext b. Get the scrambled plaintext and encrypt with K with DES to produce Ei 6- Until End of Text
What is an anda box?
You probably have requested either private networking between several business locations, or a fast connection to the internet where DSL is unavailable. This is usually accomplished by leasing local telco "T1 private lines" between you and your provider. These private lines are T1/DS1 (or E1 in Europe), which are 1.5 megabits/sec each. If you wish to get some multiple of that for net bandwidth (3M, 6M, etc), your provider will lease 2 to 8 T1s from the local telco, and bond them together using multiplexing. Your provider will provide an Anda 2108 box (see andanetworks.com) to aggregate those 8 T1s to give you a net bandwidth of 12 megabits to your facility. The next step up in telco circuits is a T3, a 45 megabit circuit. The monthly recurring cost from your local telco provider for a T3 is usually more than 10 times that of a T1, so ordering up to 8 T1s is still more cost effective. T3's are not available from all telco CO's like T1's are. Reliability of multiple bonded T1s is better, since you can lose one or more members and still have service, albeit degraded. T1's usually have a 4-hour repair commitment, where DSL is more than a business day.
Discuss methods for handling deadlocks?
ignore the problem altogether ie. ostrich algorithm it may occur very infrequently, cost of detection/prevention etc may not be worth it.detection and recoveryavoidance by careful resource allocationprevention by structurally negating one of the four necessary conditions.Deadlock PreventionDifference from avoidance is that here, the system itself is build in such a way that there are no deadlocks. Make sure atleast one of the 4 deadlock conditions is never satisfied.This may however be even more conservative than deadlock avoidance strategy.Attacking Mutex conditionnever grant exclusive access. but this may not be possible for several resources.Attacking preemptionnot something you want to do.Attacking hold and wait conditionmake a process hold at the most 1 resource at a time.make all the requests at the beginning. All or nothing policy. If you feel, retry. eg. 2-phase lockingAttacking circular waitOrder all the resources.Make sure that the requests are issued in the correct order so that there are no cycles present in the resource graph. Resources numbered 1 ... n. Resources can be requested only in increasing order. ie. you cannot request a resource whose no is less than any you may be holding.Deadlock AvoidanceAvoid actions that may lead to a deadlock. Think of it as a state machine moving from 1 state to another as each instruction is executed.Safe StateSafe state is one whereIt is not a deadlocked stateThere is some sequence by which all requests can be satisfied.To avoid deadlocks, we try to make only those transitions that will take you from one safe state to another. We avoid transitions to unsafe state (a state that is not deadlocked, and is not safe) eg.Total # of instances of resource = 12(Max, Allocated, Still Needs)P0 (10, 5, 5) P1 (4, 2, 2) P2 (9, 2, 7) Free = 3 - SafeThe sequence is a reducible sequencethe first state is safe.What if P2 requests 1 more and is allocated 1 more instance?- results in Unsafe stateSo do not allow P2's request to be satisfied.Banker's Algorithm for Deadlock AvoidanceWhen a request is made, check to see if after the request is satisfied, there is a (atleast one!) sequence of moves that can satisfy all the requests. ie. the new state is safe. If so, satisfy the request, else make the request wait.How do you find if a state is safen process and m resources Max[n * m]Allocated[n * m]Still_Needs[n * m]Available[m]Temp[m]Done[n]while () {Temp[j]=Available[j] for all jFind an i such thata) Done[i] = Falseb) Still_Needs[i,j]
What is STM4?
STM-4 have the data rate 622.08Mbps. And STM-4 support 269 E1's.
What do you mean by 63E1 in STM4?
The Data rate of one E1 is 2048 bps which have 32 voice channels.And STM is a multiplexing of E1's in SONET we say STM-4 is equal to OC-12 both have same data rates i.e. 622.08 Mbps it support 269 E1's. STM-1 or OC-3 supports 67 E1's data rate (155.52 Mbps).
Which has greater line capacity T1 or E1?
The E1 has a greater line capacity. E1 is the European standard and runs at 2.084 Mbps. The American T-1 standard runs at a capacity of 1.544 Mbps.
Difference between e1 and t1 in telecommunication?
Differing Characteristics :-In E1 Encoding/Decoding is followed by A-Lawwhile in T1 Encoding/Decoding is followed by µ-Law.In E1 - 13 Number of Segments in Characteristicswhile in T1 - 15 Number of Segments in Characteristics.In E1 - 32 Number of Timeslots / PCM Framewhile in T1 - 24Number of Timeslots / PCM Frame.In E1 - 8 x 32 = 256 number of bits / PCM Frame while in T1 - 8 x 24 + 1* = 193 number of bits / PCM Frame. (* Signifies an additional bit).In E1 - (125µs x 8)/256 = approx 3.9µs is the length of an 8-bit Timeslot while in T1 - (125µs x 8)/193 = approx 5.2µs is the length of an 8-bit Timeslot.In E1 - 8000/s x 256 bits = 2048kbit/s is the Bit Rate of Time-Division Multiplexed Signal while in T1 - 8000/s x 193 bits = 1544kbit/s is the Bit Rate of Time-Division Multiplexed Signal.
One E1 can support how many trx?
16
A T1 line represents more line capacity than an E1 line.?
false
Does A T1 line represents more line capacity than an E1 line?
In North American a T1 line carries signals at 1.544 Mbps (24 channels at 64Kbps). E1 is the European format for digital transmission. E1 carries signals at 2 Mbps (32 channels at 64Kbps, with 2 channels reserved for signaling and controlling). T1 and E1 lines may be interconnected for international use.
What is e1 line?
In telecommunications, where a single physical wire can be used to carry many simultaneous voice conversations, worldwide standards have been created and deployed. E-carrier system, which is revised and improved version of the earlier American T-carrier technology.The line data rate for E1 is 2.048 Mbit/s (full duplex) which is split into 32 time slots, each being allocated 8 bits in turn. It is a ideal for voice traffic because voice is sampled at the same 8khz rate so E1 line can carry 32 simultaneous voice conversions.
Why 63 E1 is equal to STM1?
It's not.-- The E1 line rate is 2.048 Mb/s.-- The data rate of 63 E1s, simply time multiplexed, would be 63 x 2.048 = 129.024 Mb/s-- 64 E1s may be multiplexed into a single E4 stream, at a rate of 139.264 Mb/s.-- The STM1 data rate is 155.52 Mb/s. Any combination of data streams totalingroughly that rate, including as many as perhaps 75 E1s, could be packaged fortransport on an STM1 facility.
What is e1?
e1 the basic data rate of communication in telecom( european ,india as well)... It is made up to 32 channels of 64 kbps PCM Time Slot (ISDN) each ... Time frame: 448ns Bit rate: 125us Bit no in 1 Time frame: 8 so E1=2048 kbps 0 and 16th channel used for synchronizing, remote access and monitoring E2 is 4xE1 package=8448 kbps E3 is 4xE2 package=24368 kbps E4 is 4xE3 package=139264 kbps
Difference between pri and leased line?
Leased lines are basicaly a data link / line, which is dedicated for data transmission between registered end to end network for enterprise users where as, PRI (Primary Rate Interface) is one of the service which is used by ISDN connection .It uses channel wise data transmission between the networks.The Primary Rate Interface consists of 23 B-channels and one 64 Kpbs D-channel using a T-1 line or 30 B-channels and 1 D-channel using an E1 line. Thus, a Primary Rate Interface user on a T-1 line can have up to 1.544 Mbps service or up to 2.048 Mbps service on an E1 line.
How many E1 in 1Fast Ethernet?
The simple answer is: An E1 is 2Mbits/s, FE is up to 100Mbits/s Therefore up to 50 However I suspect the question needs a bit more explanation and context.
