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Well any type of relay protection is extremely complicated any many people will spend their whole career learning about protection and control. But a distance relay essentialy looks at the impedance of the circuit to be protected. When a fault occurs the impedance of the circuit will change. It then calculates this new impedance to determine where the fault has occurred. By knowing where the fault is it can trip appropriate CB's to isolate the faulted section.

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Q: How does distance protection Relay work?
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