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How does a two-way set-associative cache improve memory access efficiency compared to other cache configurations?
A two-way set-associative cache improves memory access efficiency by allowing each cache set to store data from two different memory locations. This reduces the likelihood of cache conflicts and increases the chances of finding the requested data in the cache, leading to faster access times compared to caches with fewer associativity levels.
Difference between expanded and extended memory?
Extended memory Memory addresses greater than or equal to one megabyte are called extended memory. The 8088 and 8086 PCs can't have extended memory because these chips can access only addresses of less than one megabyte (1MB) in size. With the minor exception of the High Memory Area (HMA), extended memory can be addressed only by applications run in real mode. It is possible, however, for DOS applications to make use of this memory to store data (but not to execute code directly from there). XMS (eXtended Memory Standard, promulgated by Microsoft) permits applications to allocate extended memory and takes care of copying data to and from extended memory and conventional memory so that the application does not have to worry about switching between modes. Like EMS, XMS usually requires loading a device driver of some sort. Extended memory is limited to 15Mb on 286es and 386SXes (15Mb extended plus 1Mb conventional and upper memory equals 16Mb, or 224, 24 being the number of address lines coming out of the CPU), limited to 4 gigabytes (232) for 386DX chips and up, although very few motherboards have been designed to hold that much memory. Expanded memory Expanded memory is addressed from within the lower 1MB space, usually above 640K. It is sometimes up to 64K of real addresses but this is just a small portion of the whole expanded memory, which can be very large. The expanded memory requires hardware and/or software that maps the expanded memory to a piece of address space, in what is called a "page frame". Extended memory can be used as expanded memory by using software and the 80286 or 80386 chips to "remap" it to the lower 1MB. It should be noted that the 80386 chip has hardware built in that supports expanded memory while the 80286 chip does not. Software that will convert extended memory on an 80286 machine to expanded memory may result in a significant performance penalty, if the machine does not have special hardware support for expanded memory. Software that will convert extended memory to expanded memory on an 80286 machine is not written to use the special hardware built into the 80386 chip, so the same type of performance penalty may apply. Hardware supported expanded memory is the fastest form of expanded memory and is available directly on all 80386SX or better IBM compatibles running the proper software. It is also available on some 80286 machines with special chip sets or 80286 machines equipped with a hardware memory manager add-on. Lastly, it is available in a large number of memory expansion boards for all IBM compatible machines, including the 8088/8086 machines
What does ram mean in computer language?
random access memory
Difference between direct and sequential access?
RAM or Random Access Memory is used for fast computer memory. The word "Random" is a bit of a misnomer, as there is nothing random about access to this memory. What it actually means is that you can select an address at "random", that is, any address within the capability of the memory, and read or write data to/from that address just as fast as you could read or write data to any other address. In other words, data stored anywhere in the memory can be accessed quickly. Serial memory is different in that access time depends upon where on the medium the data is stored. Examples are magnetic tape, optical disk, magnetic disk. "arbitary access" is not a term used in electronics that I can find. I think it is just another term for "random access".
What is equal to one trillion memory locations?
That would be a terabit. The unit "terabyte" is more commonly used, but each byte is actually 8 memory locations (bits).
What is the expanded form of RAM?
Random Access Memory.
How many address lines can access a 16MB memory?
for 16 MB memory has 24 address lines
How many memory locations address bus can access?
A 10 bit address bus can address 210, or 1024 different locations.
What is the expanded form of RAM and ROM?
RAM is random access memory and ROM is read-only memory.
How is cache different from primary memory?
Cache memory is a memory that is used by CPU so that the average time to access the memory is reduced. It is a smaller and faster memory that stores copies of data which is used in frequently accessed main memory locations, On the other hand, Primary memory is the main memory of the computer. The processor can easily access, store and retrieve information from the primary memory. Primary memory has two types, Random access memory and read only memory.
How many memory locations can 14 address bits access?
16384
What are the different types of memory access?
There are two types of memory access. 1- uniform memory access (uma) 2- non-uniform memory access (numa)
How many memory locations can be specified by an 14 - bit address?
A 14 bit address can specify 214 or 16,384 different locations.
What memory locations are the fastest in terms of access solid state drives cpu registers main memory l1 cache?
Cache
If a process can be dynamically assigned to different locations in main memory?
Not possible.
What is interlaced memory?
Interlaced memory is a technique used in computer memory systems where data is divided into multiple segments or "interlaced" across different memory banks or modules. This method allows for improved access speed and efficiency, particularly in applications that require high bandwidth, as it enables simultaneous access to multiple memory locations. By spreading data across different paths, interlaced memory can reduce bottlenecks and enhance overall system performance. It is often utilized in graphics processing and high-performance computing.
Why is the capability to relocate processes desirable?
A process may occupy different partitions which means different absolute memory locations during execution (from swapping)Compaction will also cause a program to occupy a different partition which means different absolute memory locations
