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Ultrasonics are sound waves with frequencies above 20khz.
GALTON WHISTLE
First they were produced by Galton.He called his Instrument the galton whistle.It consisted of a brass tube 2 mm in diameter and it was operated by blowing in a jet of high pressure gas.it consisted of a piston.on moving it the resonant cavity's length varied,on varying the length the resonant frequency too varied.Thus the resonant frequency depends on the length of the tube/pipe.But this could produce only up to 30khz.
MAGNETOSTRICTION METHOD
the main principle for this method is when a ferromagnetic rod made of material like iron or nickel is subjected to alternating magnetic field applied parallel to the rod,there will be a small elongation or contraction in its length.this change in length is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field and nature of the ferromagnetic material.
so the length of the rod changes for each half cycle of the alternating current which means the frequency will be twice the frequency of alternating current..
when the natural frequency of the rod matches with the frequency of the alternating current resonance occurs and amplitude will be maximum and ultrasonic waves are produced.In this method frequencies up-to 300KHZ can be produced.
PIEZOELECTRIC OSCILLATOR
The main principle of this is the inverse piezoelectric effect..according to the piezoelectric effect,when one pair of opposite faces of a crystal like quartz is subjected to pressure the other pair of opposite faces will develop electric charges and if the pressure is replaced by tension then the charges will be reversed..the inverse of this effect is that if the pair of opposite faces are subjected to alternating voltages then the other pair of opposite faces varies in its dimensions,i.e. it expands or contracts periodically thus generating elastic waves.When the natural frequency of the crystal matches with the frequency of the alternating current,resonance occurs and ultrasonic waves are produced.In this method frequencies upto 500MHZ can be produced.
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