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Continuously varying data is analog data; by contrast, all digital data is discrete (there are steps between one value and the nearest next possible value).

Devices operating on analog data, in context with computers, are primarily analog-to-digital converters (ADC). These take an analog input, sample this value periodically, and produce the nearest corresponding digital value for further (digital) processing. The analog input can describe a lot of different aspects: the fan speed, a temperature, an electric voltage read from a microphone or other audio input, etc.

The reverse process is called digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), which converts a digital value into a corresponding analog value (typically as an electric voltage or current), which is then generally transformed into another form, such as an audio output to drive a pair of speakers.

It is important to note that DAC itself does not operate continuously varying data, since the analog data generated follows the same discrete steps as the digital input data does. However, subject to the physics of the following conversion (e.g. a loudspeaker), the resulting physical signal might well be truly analog again (e.g. the variation in air pressure caused by the speaker).

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