The two terms are used frequently in data communication are bit rate and the baud rate. Bit rate can be defined as the number of bits transmitted during 1s. Baud rate can be referred as to the number of the signal units per second that are required to represent those bits. A signal unit is composed of one or more bits. In discussions of the computer efficiency, the bit rate is the important; we want to know how long it takes to process each and every piece of information. In data transmission, however, we more concerned with how efficiently we can move those data from one place to another, either in pieces or blocks.
The fewer signals units required, the more efficient the system and less bandwidth required to transmit more bits; so we are more concerned with baud rate. The baud rate determines the bandwidth requires sending the signal. Bit rate equals the baud rate times; number of bits represented by each signal unit. Baud rate equals the bit rate divided by number of bits represented by each signal unit. The bit rate is always greater than or in some cases equal to the baud rate. So we can say that the bit rate is the number of bits per second while Baud rate is number of signal units per second.
Bit rate : max. bits transmitted per unit second.(smallest unit)
Baud rate : max. symbols transmitted per unit second.
Symbol : any element of electrical signal that represents one or more binary data bit
Word : 3 bits of quantized sample are indicated as word.
Baud rate D = 2 B log2 L bps
where D = Maximum data rate (in Baud or bps)
B = Bandwidth of the channel
L = Number of discrete levels in the signals
Bit rate Db = B log2 (1 + S/N)
Where Db = Data rate in noisy channel (in bps)
B = Bandwidth of the channel
S/N = Signal to noise ratio.
RELATION BETWEEN BAUD AND BIT RATE
Db = D × n
where n = number of bits required to represent signal levels.
nRate of change at output (baud) is one-half input bit rate.
The Baud rate (output rate of change) is equal to the Bit rate (input rate of change), and the widest output bandwidth occurs when the input binary data are an alternating 1/0 sequence.
How to Generate digital data for bpsk modulation?
bit error is same for QPSK and BPSK. :
BPSK is a modulation technique. It is used to modulate and demodulate the required signal. It can be virtually implemented in MATLAB. But to understand its physical behaviour, it needs to be implemented on FPGA board.
BPSK=> 1.The BPSK stands for “Binary Phase-shift keying”. 2.DPSK is a not a method of BPSK, where there is no reference phase signal. 3.amplitude shift keying 4.lesser bandwidth more probability error DPSK=> 1.The DPSK stands for “Differential phase-shift keying”. 2.DPSK is a method of BPSK, where there is no reference phase signal. 3.It is one type of phase modulation used to transmit data by altering the carrier wave’s phase. 4.greater bandwidth probability error less
Binary (Bipolar) Phase Shift Keying.
The acronym "BPSK" stands for burst pulse shift keying. Burst pulse shift keying is the simplest form of phase shift keying or PSK known currently to exist.
BPSK Modulation can be done by using a multiplier. Digital data must be multiplied with the carrier frequency. In matlab simulink use a multiplier block to one input apply a sinusoidal generator & to the other a Pulse generator
In abs. PSK only instant phase for the incoming bits are considered. For DPSK, the difference between previous phase and the present phase is considered. Example: If BPSK is used, then for 0 if phase if pi and for 1 it is 0, then for abs. BPSK the phase states for the bit stream 1010 will be 0,pi,0,pi for DPSK, we assume initial phase is zero and a rule that , if incoming bit is zero, then phase difference is 0 and if it is 1 then, phase difference is pi. So, phase difference will be--pi,0,pi,0 Instant phase will be, pi,pi,0,0....Easy!!
Binary PSKQPSK.1. Two different phases are used torepresent two binary values.1. Four different phases are used to represent two binary values.2. Each signal element represents only one bit.2. Each signal element representstwo bits
The bpsk receiver requires a particular band of frequencies to be passed to generate the required carrier which is further divided and then given to the demodulator. So the basic use of the bpf is to bandlimit the signal generated by the square law device and attenuate any dc levels otherwise. Lpf would simply allow all low frequencies to pass, which is not desired.
A constant-envelope modualtion is a modualtion scheme in which the amplitude of the modualted tone remains constant with time. Main advantage of such modualtion schmes is that they relax the linearity requirements of the power amplifier (PA) and hence a less linear and more efficient PA can be used. Most modualtion schemes are not constant-envelope. For example, BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM are not constant-envelope. Few modualtion schemes such as GFSK are constant-envelope.
Two main reasons: 1) The frequent phase inversions induced by a simple PRN waveform allow the receiver to calculate precise ranging. BSPK also easily facilitates the use of the Gold Code in PRN sequencing, allowing the SVs to broadcast on the same frequency, yet still be individually identified. 2) Secondly, because the signal has a normalized and smaller waveform, the signal is degraded less by narrowband interference.